Different Reactions in Each Enterotype Depending on the Intake of Probiotic Yogurt Powder

Abstract

Probiotics can be used as a nutritional strategy to improve gut homeostasis. We aimed to evaluate the intestinal microbiota profile of 18 subjects after ingestion of probiotic yogurt powder (PYP) based on enterotype. The subjects were classified into three enterotypes according to their microbial community: Bacteroides (n = 9, type B), Prevotella (n = 3, type P), and Ruminococcus (n = 6, type R). We performed controlled termination in a transient series that included a control period of three weeks before probiotic intake, PYP intake for three weeks, and a three-week washout period. Fecal microbiota composition was analyzed by sequencing the V3–V4 super variable region of 16S rRNA. Based on the Bristol stool shape scale, abnormal stool shape improved with PYP intake, and bowel movements were activated. The abundance of Faecalibacterium, Eggerthella, and Leuconostoc, which ferment and metabolize glucose, showed a strong correlation with type B Bacteroides, and glucose metabolism improvement was observed in all type B subjects. Alkaline phosphatase was significantly improved only in type B. In addition, the abundance of type B Bacteroides showed a negative correlation with that of Lactobacillus. The abundance of Streptococcus, Agathobacter, and Christensenella, which are involved in lipid metabolism, showed a strong correlation with that of type P Prevotella, and triglyceride metabolism improvement was observed in all type P subjects. The gut microbiota showed only short-term changes after PYP intake and showed resilience by returning to its original state when PYP intake was interrupted. In summary, the different responses to PYP intake may result from the different enterotypes and associated strains; therefore, the probiotic composition should be adjusted based on the individual enterotype.

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“…Genus Prevotella has been related to autoimmunity [ 34 ]. Moreover, genus Agathobacter were positively correlated with genus Prevotella [ 35 ] . In addition, abundance of family Lachnospiraceae , which belongs to order Lachnospirales , increased in subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a previous study [ 36 ]; species Streptococcus salivarius was implicated in endophthalmitis [ 37 ].…”

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“…The development of various metabolic diseases, including diabetes and GI diseases, is common among the elderly [7,8]. Supplements, such as synbiotics, are a major means of improving the intestinal microflora composition to maintain intestinal homeostasis and promote health in the elderly [29]. However, further research is needed to confirm the effect of specific synbiotics, via investigation of the causal relationship between intake and beneficial effects observed in the study cohort.…”

“…The fragment size and quality of the pooled DNA were assessed using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer system (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The concentrated particles were loaded into an Ion 530 Chip Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), and sequencing was performed using an Ion GeneStudio S5 system (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) according to the manufacturer's instructions [28,29]. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analysis was performed using S5, a next-generation sequencer on the Ion Torrent S5xl platform.…”

Effect of Fermented Red Ginseng Concentrate Intake on Stool Characteristic, Biochemical Parameters, and Gut Microbiota in Elderly Korean Women

“…An Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer system (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used to evaluate primer-dimer or detectable adapter contamination and fragment size of the pooled DNA [18]. The concentrated particles were loaded into an Ion 530 Chip Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and sequencing was performed on an Ion GeneStudio S5 system (Thermo Fisher Scientific), following the manufacturer's instructions [28][29][30]. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was then conducted using S5, the next-generation sequencer on the Ion Torrent S5XL platform.…”