Differential behavioral sensitivity to carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation in rats

Winter, A. Scott; Ahlbrand, Rebecca; Naik, Devanshi; Sah, Renu

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.003

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Some evidence suggest that the posture and proprioceptive inputs from the abdominal wall may also affect active expiration 61 , 62 . Considering that the LC presents specialized subgroups of noradrenergic neurons, projecting to prefrontal cortex, that are involved in the anxiogenic behaviours 32 , 33 and that inhalation of CO 2 -enriched air can produce anxiety and fear-like behaviours 63 , we cannot rule out that changes in the behavioural responses to hypercapnia, after acute A6 inhibition, may contribute to the reductions in both active expiration magnitude and incidence through postural changes and even by Abd proprioceptive components.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Locus Coeruleus as a vigilance centre for active inspiration and expiration in rats

Magalhães

Spiller

Silva

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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At rest, inspiration is an active process while expiration is passive. However, high chemical drive (hypercapnia or hypoxia) activates central and peripheral chemoreceptors triggering reflex increases in inspiration and active expiration. The Locus Coeruleus contains noradrenergic neurons (A6 neurons) that increase their firing frequency when exposed to hypercapnia and hypoxia. Using recently developed neuronal hyperpolarising technology in conscious rats, we tested the hypothesis that A6 neurons are a part of a vigilance centre for controlling breathing under high chemical drive and that this includes recruitment of active inspiration and expiration in readiness for flight or fight. Pharmacogenetic inhibition of A6 neurons was without effect on resting and on peripheral chemoreceptors-evoked inspiratory, expiratory and ventilatory responses. On the other hand, the number of sighs evoked by systemic hypoxia was reduced. In the absence of peripheral chemoreceptors, inhibition of A6 neurons during hypercapnia did not affect sighing, but reduced both the magnitude and incidence of active expiration, and the frequency and amplitude of inspiration. These changes reduced pulmonary ventilation. Our data indicated that A6 neurons exert a CO2-dependent modulation of expiratory drive. The data also demonstrate that A6 neurons contribute to the CO2-evoked increases in the inspiratory motor output and hypoxia-evoked sighing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Locus Coeruleus as a vigilance centre for active inspiration and expiration in rats

Magalhães

Spiller

Silva

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…The choice of 5% concentration was based on respiratory physiology experiments, where the CO2 concentration usually used is 8% 52 . It has been shown that a concentration of 10% can increase immobility bouts in Long-Evans Rats, suggesting a certain level of anxiety 53 . We therefore searched for the lowest concentration able to induce a change in the amplitude and/or respiratory frequency.…”

Section: Lfp and Respiration Recordingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The deep and slow breathing characterizing rest favors brain respiratory-drive

Girin

Juventin

Garcia

et al. 2020

Preprint

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A respiration-locked activity in the olfactory brain, mainly originating in the mechano-sensitivity of olfactory sensory neurons to air pressure, propagates from the olfactory bulb to the rest of the brain. Interestingly, changes in nasal airflow rate result in reorganization of olfactory bulb response. Therefore, if the respiratory drive of the brain originates in nasal airflow movements, then it should vary with respiration dynamics that occur spontaneously during natural conditions. We took advantage of the spontaneous variations of respiration dynamics during the different waking and sleep states to explore respiratory drive in various brain regions. We analyzed their local field potential activity relative to respiratory signal. We showed that respiration regime was state-specific, and that quiet waking was the only vigilance state during which all the recorded structures can be respiration-driven whatever the respiration frequency. We used a CO2-enriched air to change the respiratory regime associated to each state and, using a respiratory cycle-by-cycle analysis, we evidenced that the large and strong brain entrainment during quiet waking was the consequence of its associated respiration regime consisting in an optimal trade-off between deepness and duration of inspiration. These results show for the first time that changes in respiration regime alter the cortical dynamics and that the respiratory regime associated with rest is optimal for respiration to drive the brain.

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“…The representational nature of animal models demands that its adequacy as an hypothesis-generating device is satisfactory (Belzung & Lemoine, 2011;Maximino & van der Staay, 2019;van der Staay, 2006;Willner, 1986Willner, , 1991. This is the issue of validity.…”

Section: Model Validity and Theories Of Panic Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These animals also show attenuated c-Fos-like responses in the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe nucleus (lwDRN) and the VLPAG . Similarly, different rat strains show different sensitivities to CO 2 inhalation (Winter, Ahlbrand, Naik, & Sah, 2017), and behavioral extremes are an interesting source of variation to investigate vulnerabilities in disordered animals (van der Staay, 2006). Interestingly, CO 2 -sensitive strains show more serotonergic neurons in the lwDRN and the VLPAG and more adrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (Winter et al, 2017).…”

Section: Hypercapnia-induced Behavioral and Physiological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Panic Disorder

Silva¹,

Rocha²,

Herculano³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Panic disorder (PD) is characterized by recurrent and uncontrollable panic attacks associated with behavioral changes and/or persistent anxiety due to the attacks. The development of behavioral models in animals is important for the understanding of the psychobiological and behavioral bases of PD. The present article reviews the main models used in the current literature. Biobehavioral assays used in rats and mice include fear conditioning (which presents moderate predictive, face, and construct validities); the elevated T-maze (which presents good predictive validity, but low face and construct validities); electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (which presents good face validity, but moderate construct validity); predator exposure models (which present good predictive and moderate construct validity); and hypercapnia-induced responses (which present moderate construct validity). These three approaches seek coherence with theories on fear as a way to increase its translational potential; thus, while the elevated T-maze is supported by the Deakin/Graeff theory, the mouse defense test battery relies on the concept of defensive distance, and periaqueductal gray stimulation is based on the functional neuroanatomy of fear. Moreover, to higher or lower degree the three models are supported by an “etho-experimental” approach, with careful observation of animal behavior as a way of discriminating different defensive strategies that model different aspects of anxiety, fear, and panic. These assays can be used, in conjunction with independent variables that attempt to simulate the vulnerabilities and stressors which lead to panic attacks, to produce true models of PD. Finally, an alternative/complementary model is proposed that uses zebrafish alarm reaction to study this disorder.

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Differential behavioral sensitivity to carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation in rats

Cited by 27 publications

References 60 publications

Locus Coeruleus as a vigilance centre for active inspiration and expiration in rats

Locus Coeruleus as a vigilance centre for active inspiration and expiration in rats

The deep and slow breathing characterizing rest favors brain respiratory-drive

Animal Models for Panic Disorder

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