Differential Effects of Curare upon Higher and Lower Levels of the Central Nervous System

Culler, Elmer; Coakley, John D.; Shurrager, P. S.; Ades, Harlow W.

doi:10.2307/1416112

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…From these data it seems clear, therefore, that conditioning in the drug-state, whether of the isolated muscle (8) or of the diffuse struggle pattern (6), involved a blood pressure component. As shown by the results of the previous studies with erythroidine and curare, all elements of the drug-state CR are completely repressed upon recovery from the drug (2,6,8). Only occasional tests were made specifically with BP after the injection of prostigmin {cf.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The dissociation of blood pressure conditioned responses under erythroidine.

Girden¹

1942

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The dissociation of blood pressure conditioned responses under erythroidine.

Girden¹

1942

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…When intravenous injections are not practical, the drug can be given orally. 4 The conditioning situation in the drug-state was basically simple. 6 The conditional stimulus (CS), bell (B) or a spot-light (L), was presented from 2 to 4 seconds and terminated with the simultaneous presentation of shock (US) to paw of hind leg.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human doses have been somewhat larger than those we have employed with the animals. 4 Unlike curare, which must be introduced directly into the blood stream, erythroidine is equally effective by oral administration (19). From our own observations this technic is feasible and, with some animals such as cats, probably has its advantages.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized conditioned responses under curare and erythroidine.

Girden¹

1942

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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maintained by aid of the Research Council, American Otological Society. This research was initiated during the Spring, 1940, with the assistance of Mr. Robert Mandell at Brooklyn College and completed during the writer's tenure as a Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, 1941-42. Special aid from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society and the Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund is gratefully acknowledged. The erythroidine was generously supplied by Merck & Company, Rahway, New Jersey. 1 In order to conserve space, the following short-hand expressions have been used: B = bell. CS = conditional stimulus (B, L, L + B, T). CR *= conditioned response. Diff. =» diffuse, generalized activity of the body, tail, head, neck, etc. The exact form varies, depending upon the depth of the drug-state. DMR •= direct muscle response, appearing in the very deep drugstate, in which the block at the myoneural junction is complete. The muscle will, however, still contract to the direct action of the shock upon the muscle fibers (c/. footnote 7 below). L = light. L + B = L presented for 4 sees., overlapped with B for the last 2 sees. P = pupil of the eye. ST >= semitendinosus muscle. T •= pure tone, 1024 cycles, 90 db., generated by Western Electric audiometer. UR = unconditioned response. US = unconditioned stimulus, 6hock. CR training scores are represented in fractions; the numerators denote the number of CR and the denominators give the total number of trials. 1 During tests in the drug-state, there was only a partial block to nerve impulses at the junction between motor nerve and muscle. Thus the isolated muscle was still capable of some degree of contraction, although the quality of the response was apparently different. The rest of the musculature remained completely inert during these tests. With larger doses, of course, even this action could be suppressed. 105 ' * In this connection, the caution previously cited (ix, p. 264) must be rigorously followed: fatality of the animal may easily 'follow premature withdrawal of the catheter upon the return of voluntary breathing. Due to flaccidity of throat musculature and excessive secretion of saliva at this stage of the recovery process, death will occur from suffocation. Maintaining

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“…As far as the front feet only are concerned, this means that the foot on the same side of the body as the shocked rear member gives the greater number of CRs. 4 The lower rectangle in Fig. 2 indicates that the unconditioned responses (responses to shock) made by the front feet are likely to occur more often in the front foot diagonally opposite to the shocked rear member.…”

Section: Present Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In view of the interest which has lately been aroused by the phenomenon of spinal conditioning (3,13) and the special effects of curare upon the cortical and sub-cortical nerve centers during learning (4,6,7) it seems advisable to report at this time some previously unpublished data which are related to the study of the neural mechanisms involved in the learning process. The present observations are exclusively behavioral in nature and were obtained from three separate investigations (1,2,8) no one of which was directed specifically toward the study of neural functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental data on different neural mechanisms for learned and unlearned responses.

Kellogg¹

1941

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Differential Effects of Curare upon Higher and Lower Levels of the Central Nervous System

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

The dissociation of blood pressure conditioned responses under erythroidine.

The dissociation of blood pressure conditioned responses under erythroidine.

Generalized conditioned responses under curare and erythroidine.

Experimental data on different neural mechanisms for learned and unlearned responses.

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