Differential expression of ACE2 in the respiratory tracts and its relationship to COVID-19 pathogenesis

Yang, Chunxiu; Li, Yueying; Xiao, Shu‐Yuan

doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103004

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This receptor, together with the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), represents the root for the consequent events leading to virus infection and diffusion [ 111 ]. However, the observation that SARS-CoV-2 also infects organs with low ACE2 expression and that ACE2 downregulation occurs in a second phase of the infection makes it probable that other alternative receptors represent the virus docking sites [ 112 , 113 , 114 ].…”

Section: Nrf2 Activation As a Strategy For Covid-19 Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Good and Bad of Nrf2: An Update in Cancer and New Perspectives in COVID-19

Emanuele

Celesia

D’Anneo

et al. 2021

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a well-known transcription factor best recognised as one of the main regulators of the oxidative stress response. Beyond playing a crucial role in cell defence by transactivating cytoprotective genes encoding antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, Nrf2 is also implicated in a wide network regulating anti-inflammatory response and metabolic reprogramming. Such a broad spectrum of actions renders the factor a key regulator of cell fate and a strategic player in the control of cell transformation and response to viral infections. The Nrf2 protective roles in normal cells account for its anti-tumour and anti-viral functions. However, Nrf2 overstimulation often occurs in tumour cells and a complex correlation of Nrf2 with cancer initiation and progression has been widely described. Therefore, if on one hand, Nrf2 has a dual role in cancer, on the other hand, the factor seems to display a univocal function in preventing inflammation and cytokine storm that occur under viral infections, specifically in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). In such a variegate context, the present review aims to dissect the roles of Nrf2 in both cancer and COVID-19, two widespread diseases that represent a cause of major concern today. In particular, the review describes the molecular aspects of Nrf2 signalling in both pathological situations and the most recent findings about the advantages of Nrf2 inhibition or activation as possible strategies for cancer and COVID-19 treatment respectively.

show abstract

Section: Nrf2 Activation As a Strategy For Covid-19 Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Good and Bad of Nrf2: An Update in Cancer and New Perspectives in COVID-19

Emanuele

Celesia

D’Anneo

et al. 2021

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cell entry requires binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to its cell surface receptor, angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is present on several cell types, including epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract and type II pneumocytes. [37][38][39] SARS-CoV-2 may spread through direct, indirect, or close contact with infected people through mouth and nose secretions. These include contact with secretion droplets (>5 mm) and inhalation of droplet nuclei (aerosol, <5 mm) or perhaps of airborne particles in fecal clouds.…”

Section: Viral Infection Routes Of Transmission and Window Of Infecmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[106][107][108] Patients with a higher risk for severe disease of fatal outcome do not exhibit increased ACE2 expression. 39 Infected and damaged endothelial cells lead to vascular leakage, trigger blood clotting and cause inflammation and, at times, a lethal cytokine storm. 109 The histologic appearance of the lungs of patients with COVID-19 ( Fig.…”

Section: Clinical Findings and Outcomes Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus 2019 Infectious Disease Epidemic: Where We Are, What Can Be Done and Hope For

Carbone

Lednicky²,

Xiao

et al. 2021

Journal of Thoracic Oncology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads mainly by means of aerosols (microdroplets) in enclosed environments, especially those in which temperature and humidity are regulated by means of airconditioning. About 30% of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. Among them, approximately 25% require hospitalization. In medicine, cases are identified as those who become ill. During this pandemic, cases have been identified as those with a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test, including approximately 70% who were asymptomatic-this has caused unnecessary anxiety. Individuals more than 65 years old, those affected by obesity, diabetes, asthma, or are immune-depressed owing to cancer and other conditions, are at a higher risk of hospitalization and of dying of COVID-19. Healthy individuals younger than 40 years very rarely die of COVID-19. Estimates of the COVID-19 mortality rate vary because the definition of COVID-19-related deaths varies. Belgium has the highest death rate at 154.9 per 100,000 persons, because it includes anyone who died with symptoms compatible with COVID-19, even those never tested for SARS-CoV-2. The United States includes all patients who died with a positive test, whether they died because of, or with, SARS-CoV-2. Countries that include only patients in which COVID-19 was the main cause of death, rather than a cofactor, have lower death rates. Numerous therapies are being developed, and rapid improvements are anticipated. Because of disinformation, only approximately 50% of the U.S. population plans to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. By sharing accurate information, physicians, health professionals, and scientists play a key role in addressing myths and anxiety, help public health officials enact measures to decrease infections, and provide the best care for those who become sick. In this article, we discuss these issues.

show abstract

“…Therefore, the target cells should express both ACE2 and TMPRSS2. In addition to lung type 2 alveolar pneumocytes (AT2 cells) [ 6 , 13 ], ACE2 is widely expressed in other tissues ( Fig. 2 ; data are from the Human Protein Atlas, https://www.proteinatlas.org/ ).…”

Section: Gi Involvement In Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%