Diffusion coefficients of gallium(<scp>III</scp>) in potassium nitrate and potassium chloride supporting electrolytes

Kariuki, Stephen; Dewald, Howard D.

doi:10.1002/elan.1140090308

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This can be explained by a faster diffusion rate of monomers to the electrode at higher H 2 SO 4 concentration. The increase in diffusion coefficient with increasing electrolyte concentration has been observed in other systems 40,41 and is possibly due to the modulation of the hydrodynamic radius of the diffusing species as the ionic strength changes. 42 Another effect of increased H 2 SO 4 concentration is the increased rate of hydrolysis of polyaniline under anodic conditions, 43 which is an important reason for the increased porosity of the nanowires.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

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Morphology of Template-Grown Polyaniline Nanowires and Its Effect on the Electrochemical Capacitance of Nanowire Arrays

2008

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The morphology of polyaniline nanowires grown electrochemically in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates is strongly influenced by the supporting electrolyte concentration, the potential of electropolymerization, the growth time, and the monomer concentration. Increasing the sulfuric acid concentration during growth induces a transition from solid nanowires with tubular ends to open nanowires. Current transient data for nanowire growth were interpreted quantitatively in terms of instantaneous and progressive nucleation and growth models, and this analysis was consistent with the observed concentration and potential dependence of nanowire vs nanotube growth. The electrochemical capacitance of nanowire arrays in AAO templates was shown to be related to the morphology of the nanowires. Specific capacitance values in the range of 700 F/g (measured at a charge/discharge rate of 5 A/g) were obtained for porous nanowires grown at 0.5 M aniline concentration at high overpotential in 1.5-2.0 M sulfuric acid solutions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Morphology of Template-Grown Polyaniline Nanowires and Its Effect on the Electrochemical Capacitance of Nanowire Arrays

2008

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“…The Ga(III) diffusion coefficient was calculated to be 3.06 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s in 0.1 M NaSCN and 6.0 M NaClO 4 at 30 o C. Recalculation of previous data for 7.5 M KSCN 15,87) using the same equation gave D = 2.84 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s and D = 2.20 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s at 30ºC. Kariuki and Dewald 89) obtained the diffusion coefficient of Ga(III) in KNO 3 and KCl through Ilkovic equation for maximum currents as followed:…”

Section: Diffusion Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Electrochemistry of Gallium

Chung¹,

Lee²

2013

J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol

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Gallium is an important element in the production of a variety of compound semiconductors for optoelectronic devices. Gallium has a low melting point and is easily oxidized to give oxides of different compositions that depend on the conditions of solutions containing Ga. Gallium electrode reaction is highly irreversible in acidic media at the dropping mercury electrode. The passive film on a gallium surface is formed during anodic oxidation of gallium metal in alkaline media. Besides, some results in published reports have not been consistent and reproducible. An increase in the demand of intermetallic compounds and semiconductors containing gallium gives rise to studies on electrosynthesis of them and an increase of gallium concentration in the environment with various application of gallium causes the development of electroanalysis tools of Ga. It is required to understand the electrochemistry of Ga and to predict the electrochemical behavior of Ga to meet these needs. Any review papers related to the electrochemistry of gallium have not been published since 1978, when the review on the subject was published by Popova et al. In this study, the redox behavior, anodic oxidation, and electrodeposition of gallium, and trace determination of gallium by stripping voltammetries will be reviewed.

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“…With D GAC-Water , the diffusion coefficient of gallium complex in water, assumed = 5.7 × 10 −7 cm 2 /sec [31], the tortuosity values for the different PEU-PEG formulations were calculated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a poly(ether urethane) system for the controlled release of two novel anti-biofilm agents based on gallium or zinc and its efficacy to prevent bacterial biofilm formation

Darmawan

Zhang

et al. 2013

Journal of Controlled Release

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Traditional antibiotic therapy to control medical device-based infections typically fails to clear biofilm infections and may even promote the evolution of antibiotic resistant species. We report here the development of two novel antibiofilm agents; gallium (Ga) or zinc (Zn) complexed with protoporphyrin IX (PP) or mesoprotoporphyrin IX (MP) that are both highly effective in negating suspended bacterial growth and biofilm formation. These chelated gallium or zinc complexes act as iron siderophore analogs, surplanting the natural iron uptake of most bacteria. Poly (ether urethane) (PEU; Biospan®) polymer films were fabricated for the controlled sustained release of the Ga- or Zn-complexes, using an incorporated pore-forming agent, poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG). An optimum formulation containing 8% PEG (MW=1450) in the PEU polymer effectively sustained drug release for at least 3 months. All drug-loaded PEU films exhibited in vitro ≥ 90% reduction of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria in both suspended and biofilm culture versus the negative control PEU films releasing nothing. Cytotoxicity and endotoxin evaluation demonstrated no adverse responses to the Ga- or Zn-complex releasing PEU films. Finally, in vivo studies further substantiate the anti-biofilm efficacy of the PEU films releasing Ga- or Zn- complexes.

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Diffusion coefficients of gallium(III) in potassium nitrate and potassium chloride supporting electrolytes

Abstract: The diffusion coefficient values of Ga"' in potassium nitrate and potassium chloride

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Morphology of Template-Grown Polyaniline Nanowires and Its Effect on the Electrochemical Capacitance of Nanowire Arrays

Morphology of Template-Grown Polyaniline Nanowires and Its Effect on the Electrochemical Capacitance of Nanowire Arrays

Electrochemistry of Gallium

Development of a poly(ether urethane) system for the controlled release of two novel anti-biofilm agents based on gallium or zinc and its efficacy to prevent bacterial biofilm formation

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