Digital free-space optical interconnections: a comparison of transmitter technologies

Fan, C.; Mansoorian, B.; Blerkom, D.A. Van; Hansen, M.; Ozguz, V.; Esener, Sadik C.; Marsden, Gary

doi:10.1364/ao.34.003103

Cited by 37 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The required optical power at the detector is related to the optical power output from the transmitter by an efficiency of the optical system between them and the transmitter fan-out , i.e., . The electrical power dissipated in the receiver is (9) where is the bias current and depends on the parameters and . Thus, the number of stages in the amplifiers, and the width and bias voltage of the amplifying transistors determine the optical power requirement and power dissipation of the receiver.…”

Section: Receiversmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To this end, comparisons between optoelectronic and electronic links in terms of their speed and power have been carried out previously to determine the conditions under which optical links provide superior performance [6], [7], [8]. We have previously evaluated various transmitter technologies for free-space optical interconnects (FSOI's) [9], and developed optimization methods for optical receiver design [25]. In this work, we combine and extend the earlier work [9], [10], [25] into a design methodology that takes into consideration the entire optoelectronic link and minimizes the total on-chip electrical power dissipation in the link.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have previously evaluated various transmitter technologies for free-space optical interconnects (FSOI's) [9], and developed optimization methods for optical receiver design [25]. In this work, we combine and extend the earlier work [9], [10], [25] into a design methodology that takes into consideration the entire optoelectronic link and minimizes the total on-chip electrical power dissipation in the link. The optimization method is applied to links having vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL's) or MQW's as transmitters and silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (Si-CMOS) transimpedance receivers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Power minimization and technology comparisons for digital free-space optoelectronic interconnections

Kibar

Blerkom

Fan

et al. 1999

J. Lightwave Technol.

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This paper investigates the design optimization of digital free-space optoelectronic interconnections with a specific goal of minimizing the power dissipation of the overall link, and maximizing the interconnect density. To this end, we discuss a method of minimizing the total power dissipation of an interconnect link at a given bit rate. We examine the impact on the link performance of two competing transmitter technologies, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL's) and multiple quantum-well (MQW) modulators and their associated driver-receiver circuits including complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and bipolar transmitter driver circuits, and p-n junction photodetectors with multistage transimpedance receiver circuits. We use the operating bitrate and on-chip power dissipation as the main performance measures. Presently, at high bit rates (>800 Mb/s), optimized links based on VCSEL's and MQW modulators are comparable in terms of power dissipation. At low bit rates, the VCSEL threshold power dominates. In systems with high bit rates and/or high fan-out, a high slope efficiency is more important for a VCSEL than a low threshold current. The transmitter driver circuit is an important component in a link design, and it dissipates about the same amount of power as that of the transmitter itself. Scaling the CMOS technology from 0.5 m down to 0.1 m brings a 50% improvement in the maximum operating bit rate, which is around 4 Gb/s with 0.1 m CMOS driver and receiver circuits. Transmitter driver circuits implemented with bipolar technology support a much higher operating bandwidth than CMOS technology; they dissipate, however, about twice the electrical power. An aggregate bandwidth in excess of 1 Tb/s-cm 2 can be achieved in an optimized free-space optical interconnect system using either VCSEL's or MQW modulators as its transmitters.

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Section: Receiversmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Power minimization and technology comparisons for digital free-space optoelectronic interconnections

Kibar

Blerkom

Fan

et al. 1999

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…Free-space optical interconnects (FSOIs) are an increasingly important tool for many applications of modern optics such as optical computing and switching networks [1][2][3][4][5]. They constitute an alternative to electronic signal transmission with such advantages as parallel operation, low power losses, low cross talk, and high bandwidth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achromatic fan-out diffractive system for white-light free-space optical interconnects

Tajahuerce

Bonet

Láncis

et al. 2001

Journal of Modern Optics

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A simple and versatile white-light fan-out di ractive system based on the achromatization of the fractional Talbot e ect is proposed. This achromatic con guration is able to interconnect a single polychromatic point source with a 2-D array of optoelectronic microdevices with low residual chromatic aberration even for white light. The whole broadband beamsplitter system is formed by two simple di ractive optical elements, a periodic di ractive lenslet array and a di ractive lens, that are made with a direct laser writing technique giving high light e ciency. The focal amplitude distribution corresponding to the lenslet array produces, by free-space propagation, self-replicas with di erent density of light points. These patterns, in conjunction with the achromatization process carried out by the additional di ractive lens, are, in short, the key to achieving a set of undistorted white-light spots at the output plane with high uniformity and variable separation between them. Experimental results are also shown.

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“…The candidates have included: LEDs, PLZT modulators, VCSELs and QCSE modulators [28,29]. The latter two are currently considered the only viable candidates.…”

Section: Transmittersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically interconnected electronics-challenges and choices

Tooley

Proceedings of Massively Parallel Processing Using Optical Interconnections

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The challenges ,facing the use of optical interconnects to provide high capacity links is reviewed. The power consumption of optical and electrical links are compared. The pevformance of ,fiber ribbon optical data links is described. It is argued that,free-space digital optics may be used to provide higher capacity. The required and achieved performance of transceivers and the optics and mechanics used,for,free-space digital optical systems is described.

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Digital free-space optical interconnections: a comparison of transmitter technologies

Cited by 37 publications

References 20 publications

Power minimization and technology comparisons for digital free-space optoelectronic interconnections

Power minimization and technology comparisons for digital free-space optoelectronic interconnections

Achromatic fan-out diffractive system for white-light free-space optical interconnects

Optically interconnected electronics-challenges and choices

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