Direct ink writing with high-strength and swelling-resistant biocompatible physically crosslinked hydrogels

moderate elastic modulus) for extrusion with the techniques of inkjet printing and direct ink writing (DIW). Unfortunately, most of the common PDMS precursors have neither light responsive (no unsaturated bonds or groups for curing or cross-linking) nor moderate viscosity (too low viscosity to support the deposited filaments). Recent advances have been exploited to solve these issues to achieve PDMS 3D printing. For example, Feinberg et al. demonstrated the 3D printing hydrophobic Sylgard-184 prepolymer resins within a hydrophilic Carbopol gel support via freeform reversible embedding. [19] Bhattacharjee and co-workers realized desktop-stereolithography 3D printing of PDMS based on commercially available methacrylated PDMS. [20] Very recently, Qin et al. developed a methacrylated PDMS that can realize the ultrafast and continuous fabrication of the PDMS membrane by UV induced polymerization. [21] Despite of the 3D objects obtained in the previous efforts, there are still some blemishes including the difficulty to build complicated 3D architectures and the requirement of fussy procedures for manually removing supporting bath. [22] Also, most of them are not compatible to the commercially available PDMSs, and moreover these tailor-made PDMSs for 3D printing usually exhibited quite poor mechanical performances with the tensile strength of less than ≈0.7 MPa, which is one order decrease, [6,20] and the elastic modulus of less than 0.9 MPa. [19] Therefore, there are still challenges to achieve 3D printing of PDMS and devices, especially with a universal approach and based on commercial materials.To address, we propose a photo/thermal two-stage curing strategy under the premise of excellent rheological behaviors, i.e., 3D printing with ultraviolet-assisted direct ink writing (UV-DIW) followed by thermal cross-linking, based on a commercial material of Sylgard-184. Typically, a commercial methacrylated prepolymer ((Methacryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, M-PDMS, Scheme 1) was mixed with the base and curing agent of Sylgard-184 resulting in a photosensitive PDMS (pPDMS). Due to the UV curing capability, the pPDMS exhibits excellent 3D printability because of the adjustment of the viscosity and elastic modulus during the extruded process with the UV-DIW technology. [23,24] The filament diameter of ≈100 µm and the layer thickness of ≈80 µm can be achieved, and also architectures with high complexity including hollow cylinders, lattices, cellular structures, and Three-dimensional (3D) printing of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is realized with a two-state curing strategy, i.e., photocuring for additively manufacturing high-precision architectures followed by thermal cross-linking for high-performance objects, taking Sylgard-184 as an example. In the mixture of base and curing agent of Sylgard-184, the photocuring ingredient methacrylated PDMS is incorporated to form hybrid inks with not only highefficiency UV curing ability but also moderate rheological properties for 3D printing. The inks are then used...

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“…These demonstrate that the filaments of extruded p PDMS ink have no deformation and distortion when they were extruded onto the platform. [ 28 ]…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Photo and Thermal Two‐Stage Curing for High‐Performance 3D Printing of Poly(Dimethylsiloxane)

Jiang

Zhang

et al. 2020

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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“…LM can also serve as feedstock material to create conductive and compliant interconnects between sensors and solid‐state electronic parts, for flexible hybrid electronics manufacturing. [ 53,96 ]…”

Section: Enabling Technologies For Olaementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Materials and Technologies for Organic Large‐Area Electronics

Buga

Viana

2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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New and innovative applications in the field of electronics are rapidly emerging. Such applications often require flexible or stretchable substrates, lightweight and transparent materials, and design freedom. This paper offers a complete overview concerning flexible electronics manufacturing, focusing on the materials and technologies that have been recently developed. This combination of materials and technologies aims to fuel a fast, economical, and environmentally sustainable transition from the conventional to the novel and highly customizable electronics. Organic conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics have recently gathered lots of attention since they are compatible with printing technologies, and can be easily spread over large and flexible substrates. These printing technologies are usually simple and fast procedures, which rely on low‐cost and recycle‐friendly materials, intended for large‐scale fabrication. Overall, even though organic large‐area electronics manufacturing is still in its early stages of development, it is a field with tremendous potential that holds promise to revolutionize the way products are designed, developed, and processed from the factory premises to the consumers’ hands. Besides, this technology is highly versatile and can be applied to a large array of sectors such as automotive, medical, home design, industrial, agricultural, among others.

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“…These relative bonds are regulated by not only crosslinking density, but also polymer characters such as its charge and molecular weight. [21] These properties are determina-tive in the fate of the encapsulated bioagents during mechanical deformation. [22,23] Various strategies for hydrogel fabrication by means of crosslinkers and/or external stimuli has been reviewed at Figure 1A-E.…”

Section: Strategies For Hydrogel Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogel‐Based 3D Bioprinting for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Abdollahiyan

Oroojalian

Mokhtarzadeh

et al. 2020

Biotechnology Journal

112

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As a milestone in soft and hard tissue engineering, a precise control over the micropatterns of scaffolds has lightened new opportunities for the recapitulation of native body organs through three dimentional (3D) bioprinting approaches. Well-printable bioinks are prerequisites for the bioprinting of tissues/organs where hydrogels play a critical role. Despite the outstanding developments in 3D engineered microstructures, current printer devices suffer from the risk of exposing loaded living agents to mechanical (nozzle-based) and thermal (nozzle-free) stresses. Thus, tuning the rheological, physical, and mechanical properties of hydrogels is a promising solution to address these issues. The relationship between the mechanical characteristics of hydrogels and their printability is important to control printing quality and fidelity. Recent developments in defining this relationship have highlighted the decisive role of main additive manufacturing strategies. These strategies are applied to enhance the printing quality of scaffolds and determine the nurture of cellular morphology. In this regard, it is beneficial to use external and internal stabilization, photocurable biopolymers, and cooling substrates containing the printed scaffolds. The objective of this study is to review cutting-edge developments in hydrogel-type bioinks and discuss the optimum simulation of the zonal stratification in osteochondral and cartilage units.

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Direct ink writing with high-strength and swelling-resistant biocompatible physically crosslinked hydrogels

Abstract: The 3D printing of physically crosslinked hydrogel architectures with high strength and swelling resistance is achieved with biocompatible PVA and natural κ-carrageenan hybrid inks.

Cited by 101 publications

References 52 publications

Facile Photo and Thermal Two‐Stage Curing for High‐Performance 3D Printing of Poly(Dimethylsiloxane)

Facile Photo and Thermal Two‐Stage Curing for High‐Performance 3D Printing of Poly(Dimethylsiloxane)

A Review on Materials and Technologies for Organic Large‐Area Electronics

Hydrogel‐Based 3D Bioprinting for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering

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