Hydrogel‐Based 3D Bioprinting for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Abstract

As a milestone in soft and hard tissue engineering, a precise control over the micropatterns of scaffolds has lightened new opportunities for the recapitulation of native body organs through three dimentional (3D) bioprinting approaches. Well-printable bioinks are prerequisites for the bioprinting of tissues/organs where hydrogels play a critical role. Despite the outstanding developments in 3D engineered microstructures, current printer devices suffer from the risk of exposing loaded living agents to mechanical (nozzle-based) and thermal (nozzle-free) stresses. Thus, tuning the rheological, physical, and mechanical properties of hydrogels is a promising solution to address these issues. The relationship between the mechanical characteristics of hydrogels and their printability is important to control printing quality and fidelity. Recent developments in defining this relationship have highlighted the decisive role of main additive manufacturing strategies. These strategies are applied to enhance the printing quality of scaffolds and determine the nurture of cellular morphology. In this regard, it is beneficial to use external and internal stabilization, photocurable biopolymers, and cooling substrates containing the printed scaffolds. The objective of this study is to review cutting-edge developments in hydrogel-type bioinks and discuss the optimum simulation of the zonal stratification in osteochondral and cartilage units.

Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications

“…[ 3 ] Discussion on tissue regeneration continues with a review by Abdollahiyan et al. on printing technologies to regenerate the osteochondral interface, [ 4 ] as well as with the report by Tolba et al. on amorphous inorganic nanoparticles capable of improving self‐healing properties of both construction and medical cements.…”

Enlightenment of Growth Plate Regeneration Based on Cartilage Repair Theory: A Review

“…The engineering of cartilage tissue is a comprehensive approach that utilizes various cell types and growth factors, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), chondrocytes, and TGF-β, IGF-1, and FGF-2 ( Chen et al, 2020 ; Wei et al, 2020 ), as well as different scaffolds constructed with natural or synthetic materials ( Abdollahiyan et al, 2020 ). In this section, we will discuss the progress of cartilage tissue engineering in the treatment of GP injuries.…”

Tissue Engineering Through 3D Bioprinting to Recreate and Study Bone Disease

“…The properties of the surrounding physical environment include, but are not limited to, the stabilizing structured support or scaffold, biochemical/cellular interactions for the cells that will soon comprise the printed tissue, and proper access to nutrients throughout the printed bone tissue. These properties can be manipulated by changing the scaffold’s shape, porosity, and chemical composition [ 11 ].…”