Direct measurements of membrane unstirred layers

Green, K.; Otori, Toshifumi

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009050

Cited by 70 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…The "autothixotropy" of water is thought to possibly play an important role in proton transfer in living beings [206]. Solute-free "exclusion zones," a general feature of water adjacent to hydrophilic surfaces, were first reported four decades ago [207] by Green et al pH measurements show an extreme drop of pH immediately beyond the exclusion zone, often to less than pH 3 [154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161]. Variation in the size of the exclusion zone with charge, pH, and solutes, reported by Zheng and Pollack in 2003, is consistent with a water-structuring hypothesis [208] which may involve as many as 10 6 solvent layers.…”

Section: Surfactant-induced Interfacial Water Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Initial Common Pathway of Inflammation, Disease, and Sudden Death

Davidson¹,

Seneff²

2012

Entropy

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Abstract:In reviewing the literature pertaining to interfacial water, colloidal stability, and cell membrane function, we are led to propose that a cascade of events that begins with acute exogenous surfactant-induced interfacial water stress can explain the etiology of sudden death syndrome (SDS), as well as many other diseases associated with modern times. A systemic lowering of serum zeta potential mediated by exogenous cationic surfactant administration is the common underlying pathophysiology. The cascade leads to subsequent inflammation, serum sickness, thrombohemorrhagic phenomena, colloidal instability, and ultimately even death. We propose that a sufficient precondition for sudden death is lowered bioavailability of certain endogenous sterol sulfates, sulfated glycolipids, and sulfated glycosaminoglycans, which are essential in maintaining biological equipose, energy metabolism, membrane function, and thermodynamic stability in living organisms. Our literature review provides the basis for the presentation of a novel hypothesis as to the origin of endogenous bio-sulfates which involves energy transduction from sunlight. Our hypothesis is amply supported by a growing body of data showing that parenteral administration of substances that lower serum zeta potential results in kosmotropic cationic and/or chaotropic anionic interfacial water stress, and the resulting cascade.Keywords: inflammation; serum sickness; colloidal instability; interfacial water stress; bio-sulfates; Shwartzman phenomena; sudden death syndrome Glossary of TermsAnaphylaxis a severe, rapidly progressing, life-threatening, generalized allergic reaction. Biological equipoise a stable, non-equilibrium, dissipative system synonymous with life. Cholesterol sulfate (Ch-S)quantitatively the most important known sterol sulfate in human plasma where it regulates the activity of the serine proteases, in cell membranes where it has a stabilizing role, and in platelet membranes where it supports platelet adhesion. Coherence domain (CD)a water CD is a collection of liquid water molecules which oscillate in unison in tune with a self-trapped electromagnetic field at a well-defined frequency. The coherent oscillations produce an ensemble of quasi-free electrons, able to collect noise energy from the environment and transform it into high-grade coherent energy in the form of electron vortices. This high-grade energy may then activate biomolecules resonating with the water CD. Colloidal instabilitya property attributed to a colloidal suspension that develops when stabilizing repulsive steric and electrostatic forces between colliding particles are insufficient to prevent their natural tendency to aggregate into masses large enough to precipitate.Colloidal suspension a colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid, e.g., our flowing blood. Exclusion zone (EZ)a glass-like, gel phase consisting of water CDs resonating in-phase, adjacent to hydrophilic surfaces, several hundred micrometers wide which excludes colloi...

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Section: Surfactant-induced Interfacial Water Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Initial Common Pathway of Inflammation, Disease, and Sudden Death

Davidson¹,

Seneff²

2012

Entropy

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“…Our assumption is that the unstirred layers on either side of the preparation (Green & Otori, 1970) are the same in the presence and absence of the endothelium. (Kedem & Katchalsky, 1963) Pi.Ci (Hodgkin, 1951) Tissue preparation Dutch rabbits, 3-4 months old, were killed by intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbitone whilst they were calm and relaxed.…”

Section: Theory and Notationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The permeability of rabbit and human corneal endothelium.

Hodson¹,

Wigham²

1983

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The fluxes of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate across endothelium plus stroma and then stroma alone were measured in the direction from lens-side to tear-side in rabbit and human corneas in vitro, in order to measure passive permeabilities.2. The results were used to calculate the permeability of the endothelium. Hodgkin's equation (1951) was then used to calculate the partial electrical conductivity of each ion crossing the endothelium.3. The summated electrical conductivities of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate were equal to 89 + 8 % of the measured electrical conductivity, suggesting that the ions diffuse independently across the endothelium in the direction lens-side to tear-side. 4. Stereological analysis of the intercellular spaces supports the idea that the ions permeate through this route and that the physical shape of the spaces determines almost entirely the permeability of the endothelial layer.5. Trans-endothelial sodium and chloride permeabilities are nearly equal, which may be explained by supposing the intercellular spaces include a cation exchanger of fixed negative charge capacity around 60 m-equiv 1.-i intercellular fluid.

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“…Such peculiar behavior has been observed by researchers from different disciplines for a wide range of materials, including biological tissues such as rabbit cornea (1), white blood cells (2), polymer gels (3), ion-exchange membranes (4), or metals (5). Depending on the field of research, different terms have been used to refer to the behavior.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the field of research, different terms have been used to refer to the behavior. In biological systems, already in the early 1970s, EZs observed close to the surface of biological tissues such as stratum corneum were referred to as unstirred layers (1), as these colloid-free layers persisted even when the suspensions were stirred. In later studies, the formation of similar EZs, where Indian ink particles were excluded from the vicinity of leukocyte cells (2), was referred to as aureole formation.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The observed EZ formation is highly surprising, as the forces acting on the colloidal particles can extend over distances of hundreds of micrometers (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Long-range interactions acting on colloidal particles are generally of electrostatic nature (6,7), with a range set by the thickness of the electrical double layer surrounding a charged colloidal particle, the Debye length λ D .…”

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Long-range repulsion of colloids driven by ion exchange and diffusiophoresis

Florea

Musa²,

Huyghe³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

116

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Interactions between surfaces and particles in aqueous suspension are usually limited to distances smaller than 1 μm. However, in a range of studies from different disciplines, repulsion of particles has been observed over distances of up to hundreds of micrometers, in the absence of any additional external fields. Although a range of hypotheses have been suggested to account for such behavior, the physical mechanisms responsible for the phenomenon still remain unclear. To identify and isolate these mechanisms, we perform detailed experiments on a well-defined experimental system, using a setup that minimizes the effects of gravity and convection. Our experiments clearly indicate that the observed long-range repulsion is driven by a combination of ion exchange, ion diffusion, and diffusiophoresis. We develop a simple model that accounts for our data; this description is expected to be directly applicable to a wide range of systems exhibiting similar long-range forces.exclusion zone | Nafion | chemotaxis | unstirred layer | solute-free zone E xclusion zone (EZ) formation is a phenomenon where colloidal particles in an aqueous suspension are repelled from an interface over distances of up to hundreds of micrometers, leading to the formation of a particle-free zone in the vicinity of the interface. Such peculiar behavior has been observed by researchers from different disciplines for a wide range of materials, including biological tissues such as rabbit cornea (1), white blood cells (2), polymer gels (3), ion-exchange membranes (4), or metals (5). Depending on the field of research, different terms have been used to refer to the behavior. In biological systems, already in the early 1970s, EZs observed close to the surface of biological tissues such as stratum corneum were referred to as unstirred layers (1), as these colloid-free layers persisted even when the suspensions were stirred. In later studies, the formation of similar EZs, where Indian ink particles were excluded from the vicinity of leukocyte cells (2), was referred to as aureole formation.The observed EZ formation is highly surprising, as the forces acting on the colloidal particles can extend over distances of hundreds of micrometers (1-5). Long-range interactions acting on colloidal particles are generally of electrostatic nature (6, 7), with a range set by the thickness of the electrical double layer surrounding a charged colloidal particle, the Debye length λ D . Whereas in low-polar solvents, these electrostatic interactions can act over tens of micrometers (8), in aqueous suspensions these forces are limited to length scales of typically less than 1 μm (6, 7).A range of hypotheses have been formulated to account for EZ formation, including the emergence of excited coherent vibration modes of molecules in the membrane or the surrounding water that could create large dipole oscillations (9). Deryagin offered a similar explanation, by attributing the aureole formation around cells to long-range forces originating from electromagnetic vibrations; he a...

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Direct measurements of membrane unstirred layers

Cited by 70 publications

References 4 publications

The Initial Common Pathway of Inflammation, Disease, and Sudden Death

The Initial Common Pathway of Inflammation, Disease, and Sudden Death

The permeability of rabbit and human corneal endothelium.

Long-range repulsion of colloids driven by ion exchange and diffusiophoresis

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