Direct Recycling of Spent NCM Cathodes through Ionothermal Lithiation

Wang, Tao; Luo, Huimin; Bai, Yaocai; Li, Jianlin; Belharouak, Ilias; Dai, Sheng

doi:10.1002/aenm.202001204

Cited by 176 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…ii) Effective approaches need to be developed to recycle or recover the spent LRM cathodes to reduce costs and to prevent environmental pollution from their disposal of used LIBs. [192] iii) LRM cathodes contain cobalt, an expensive and scarce metal, and alternative elements need to be explored to reduce costs, [193] such as LiNi 1−x−y Mn x Al y O 2 (NMA) [194] or LiNi x Fe y Al z O 2 (NFA). [195] iv) Fast charging technology will be improved to enable electronic devices, especially electric vehicles (EVs), to be charged in a very short time, [196] an essential quality of next-generation energy storage systems.…”

Section: Conclusion and Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Recent Advances in High Capacity Li‐Rich Cathode Materials for High Energy Density Lithium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2021

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mismatch between the cathode and anode materials (the cathode capacity is nearly an order of magnitude smaller than the anode capacity) has seriously hindered the development of LIBs. [2] Li-rich cathode materials have been regarded as one of the most promising candidates for next-generation cathode materials for rechargeable LIBs owing to their prominent specific capacity. For instance, in Li-rich Mn-based (LRM) cathode materials with the chemical formula xLi 2 MnO 3 ⋅(1 -x)LiTMO 2 (TM = Ni, Mn, Co, etc.), when x = 0.5, in the form of Li 1.2 Mn 0.54 Co 0.13 Ni 0.13 O 2 , the theoretical capacity of the LRM cathode reaches over 250 mA h g −1 for 1 Li + extraction, and ≈378 mA h g −1 for 1.2 Li + extraction. [3] Furthermore, LRM cathodes reduce the use of expensive Co and have the advantages of low cost, environmental friendliness, and high thermal stability. However, LRM cathode materials have inherent issues, such as low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), poor rate capacity, and serious voltage fading, which inhibit their further practical applications. [4] These issues need to be immediately addressed to eliminate range and safety anxiety in the electric consumption market. The development of state-of-the-art characterization techniques has brought new understandings of the origins of these problems. [5] In this case, considerable progress has been made in the evolution of LRM cathode structures and its various reaction mechanisms during long-time cycles, the electrochemical activity of anions, and other aspects. In addition, significant advances have also been made in the novel modification methods for promoting the electrochemical performances of LRM cathode materials as well as other branches of Li-rich cathode materials. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the recent challenges and prospects in high-capacity Li-rich cathode materials. This paper aims to offer a global and critical perspective on Lirich cathode materials for LIBs, as shown in Figure 1, including an in-depth evaluation of degradation mechanisms, the prevailing modification methods and development trends, application, and future opportunities for LRM electrode materials in full-cells and future solid-state batteries. We intend to provide perspectives on the practical development and application of Li-rich cathode materials have attracted increasing attention because of their high reversible discharge capacity (>250 mA h g −1 ), which originates from transition metal (TM) ion redox reactions and unconventional oxygen anion redox reactions. However, many issues need to be addressed before their practical applications, such as their low kinetic properties and inefficient voltage fading. The development of cutting-edge technologies has led to cognitive advances in theory and offer potential solutions to these problems. Herein, a recent in-depth understanding of the mechanisms and the frontier electrochemical research progress of Li-rich cathodes are reviewed. In addition, recent advances associated with various strategies to promot...

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Section: Conclusion and Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Recent Advances in High Capacity Li‐Rich Cathode Materials for High Energy Density Lithium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2021

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“…The similar methods using ionothermal lithiation or a ternary eutectic repair have also been developed recently. Luo and coworkers utilized the cost‐effective Li halide (lithium chloride and lithium bromide) as Li sources and repaired the degraded LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 powder in different ILs 55 . Besides, the ILs were successfully recycled and reused, indicating the sustainability of this process.…”

Section: Diversification Of Innovative Tacticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in the sustainable recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries

Fan

Chang

Meng

et al. 2021

SusMat

132

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Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are booming in multiple fields due to a rapid development in the last decade. However, limited by operational lifespans, a growing number of spent LIBs reaching the end of their lives are consequently faced with serious accumulation and descended to hazardous waste. Without proper disposal, the spent LIBs will inevitably cause negative influence on the ecology and undermine the sustainable manufacture of LIBs. The initial research of recycling strategies mainly focused on the optimization of metallurgical processes. Recently, the sustainability of the recycling process has attracted much more attention and become an important factor. Here, we summarize the recent progress of the spent LIBs recycling from a sustainable perspective, especially discussing the green innovations in recycling strategies for spent LIBs. Through this article, we expect to reveal the challenges and developing tendency of the recycling strategies and provide a guideline for future researches on processing spent LIBs and beyond, like the recycling of the solid‐state lithium metal batteries.

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“…Finally, metal salts are to be precipitated and re-synthesized to produce new active materials [48,52]. Alternatively, the anode and cathode active materials can be reconditioned by means of purification processes, lithium enhancement, and functionalization [47,51,[77][78][79]. Direct reconditioning has the advantage of being a fast and less energy-consuming process, but it cannot directly adapt the cathode chemistry to new developments.…”

Section: Circular Economy In the Context Of Battery Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

Doose

Mayer

Michalowski

et al. 2021

Metals

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The global use of lithium-ion batteries of all types has been increasing at a rapid pace for many years. In order to achieve the goal of an economical and sustainable battery industry, the recycling and recirculation of materials is a central element on this path. As the achievement of high 95% recovery rates demanded by the European Union for some metals from today’s lithium ion batteries is already very challenging, the question arises of how the process chains and safety of battery recycling as well as the achievement of closed material cycles are affected by the new lithium battery generations, which are supposed to enter the market in the next 5 to 10 years. Based on a survey of the potential development of battery technology in the next years, where a diversification between high-performance and cost-efficient batteries is expected, and today’s knowledge on recycling, the challenges and chances of the new battery generations regarding the development of recycling processes, hazards in battery dismantling and recycling, as well as establishing a circular economy are discussed. It becomes clear that the diversification and new developments demand a proper separation of battery types before recycling, for example by a transnational network of dismantling and sorting locations, and flexible and high sophisticated recycling processes with case-wise higher safety standards than today. Moreover, for the low-cost batteries, recycling of the batteries becomes economically unattractive, so legal stipulations become important. However, in general, it must be still secured that closing the material cycle for all battery types with suitable processes is achieved to secure the supply of raw materials and also to further advance new developments.

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Direct Recycling of Spent NCM Cathodes through Ionothermal Lithiation

Cited by 176 publications

References 46 publications

Challenges and Recent Advances in High Capacity Li‐Rich Cathode Materials for High Energy Density Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Challenges and Recent Advances in High Capacity Li‐Rich Cathode Materials for High Energy Density Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Progress in the sustainable recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

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