Directions of Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy and Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

BackgroundDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for movement disorders and neurological/psychiatric disorders. DBS has been approved for the control of Parkinson disease (PD) and epilepsy.ObjectivesA systematic review and possible future direction of DBS system studies is performed in the open loop and closed-loop configuration on PD and epilepsy.MethodsWe searched Google Scholar database for DBS system and development. DBS search results were categorized into clinical device and research system from the open-loop and closed-loop perspectives.ResultsWe performed literature review for DBS on PD and epilepsy in terms of system development by the open loop and closed-loop configuration. This study described development and trends for DBS in terms of electrode, recording, stimulation, and signal processing. The closed-loop DBS system raised a more attention in recent researches.ConclusionWe overviewed development and progress of DBS. Our results suggest that the closed-loop DBS is important for PD and epilepsy.

Developments in Deep Brain Stimulators for Successful Aging Towards Smart Devices—An Overview

“…In one study by Obeso, et al (2001) , the final mean stimulus parameter settings that provided the highest efficacy to treat PD symptoms were 3V, 82 µs, and 152 Hz for STN-DBS, and 3.2 V, 125 µs, and 162 Hz for GPi-DBS. For the treatment of epilepsy, common DBS parameters are ≥100 Hz at 1–10 V for ANT stimulation for refractory temporal lobe epilepsy, ≥ 130 Hz at 1–5 V for hippocampus and STN stimulation for refractory temporal lobe epilepsy, tens to high frequency stimulation at 1–10 V for stimulation of centromedian nucleus (CMN) of the thalamus for generalized tonic-clonic seizures ( Wu et al, 2021 ).…”

Epilepsy and Deep Brain Stimulation of Anterior Thalamic Nucleus

“…In patients for whom surgical resection or ablation is contraindicated, the electrical stimulation of the brain such as neuromodulation can be considered. Neuromodulation therapies are palliative non-pharmacologic alternatives where the nervous system’s activity in the body is modulated through non-invasive (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial electric stimulation, such as transcranial alternating current stimulation) or invasive (e.g., vagal nerve stimulator and deep brain stimulation) methods [ 25 , 26 ].…”

“…They are placed using stereotactic techniques with either head frame, frameless, or robotic techniques, and later attached to an implantable pulse generator (IPG) placed subfascially at the infraclavicular area. IPGs have two main functions: stimulation and, more recently, neural recording [ 25 ].…”

“…Thus, it is believed that these neural networks provide potential points for intervention and might interrupt the spread of seizure activity to the neocortex. However, such as in movement disorders, the exact mechanism of seizures control through DBS has not been fully elucidated [ 6 , 25 , 32 ].…”

The Bilateral Precuneus as a Potential Neuroimaging Biomarker for Right Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Support Vector Machine Analysis

“…Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the most common form of adult epilepsy, is a common nervous system disease ( 1 , 2 ). It is characterized by complex partial seizures, and secondary generalizations resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the temporal lobe, presenting as epileptic foci ( 3 , 4 ).…”