Discovery of Novel Genes Mediating Glucose and Lipid Metabolisms

Abstract

Glucose and lipid are the major energy sources, and pivotal components of organic metabolism in mammals. Inappropriate diet directly influences the metabolic rate, and can alter the body's homeostasis. The underlying changes in energy storage and utilization would manifest as metabolic syndrome including obesity and high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which are predisposing factors that significantly increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Thus, it is essential to identify the genes that are involved in the process of glucose and lipid metabolism. Utilizing current advanced scientific methodology and technology, as well as computational resources has led to discovery of many novel genes with major roles in energy metabolism. In addition, many studies have focused on the functional analysis of the novel genes. Nowadays, uncovering the genes that are involved in glucose and lipid storage and utilization, as well as underlying pathways that regulate expression of those genes is an area of ongoing research. Here, we summarize the current research related to the novel genes regulating glucose and lipid metabolisms, which enable us to develop more efficient means of prevention and management of metabolic diseases such as T2D, obesity, high blood glucose, and hypertension.

Structural characterization and biological fate of lactoferrin‐loaded liposomes during simulated infant digestion

“…The limited increase in the amount of FFAs without enzyme addition at the first 65 min suggested that LF liposomes was not hydrolysed and thus phospholipid membrane could maintain their bilayer structure integrity . However, after addition of pancreatin, most of LF liposomes were degraded, duing to the phospholipids, the main wall materials of liposomes, can be hydrolysed to 1‐acyl and 2‐acyl lysophospholipids and release FFAs . In addition, the main physical function of bile salts is emulsification, attacking liposomes by the mechanism of insertion into the phospholipids, resulting in the membranes more fluid .…”

Two macamide extracts relieve physical fatigue by attenuating muscle damage in mice

“…It is well known that glycogen is a major source of energy during exercise, and MG content is a determinant of the capacity to perform long‐term heavy exercise . During high‐intensity exercise, MG is exhausted and LG maintains blood glucose in the physiologic range The content of LG and MG has therefore been considered as an important indicator reflecting the level of exercise endurance .…”

Quick changes of milk fatty acids after inclusion or suppression of linseed oil in the diet of goats

“…More research would be needed to relate short‐term changes of FA contents at rumen, blood plasma and mammary gland levels, so we are able to distinguish the role of ruminal microbiota and mammary and extramammary tissues . On the other hand, several genes that are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and the signalling pathways that regulate expression of those genes have been identified in humans and animals in recent years . However, further studies would allow a better understanding of the regulation of ruminant lipid metabolism at a molecular level …”

“…33,34 On the other hand, several genes that are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and the signalling pathways that regulate expression of those genes have been identified in humans and animals in recent years. [35][36][37] However, further studies would allow a better understanding of the regulation of ruminant lipid metabolism at a molecular level. 38…”