Discrimination and Beliefs on Discrimination in Individualists and Collectivists

Domínguez, J. Francisco Morales; López-Sáez, Mercedes; Vega, Laura

doi:10.4135/9781446279205.n14

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Consistent with predictions, intergroup differentiation was higher when group norms prescribed collectivism than when they prescribed individualism. This finding is compatible with previous research that examined individualism-collectivism as an individual difference variable (Morales et al, 1999). Furthermore, in line with predictions, interindividual differentiation was higher when group norms endorsed individualism than when they endorsed collectivism.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Evidence from laboratory-based research investigating the role of individualism in the expression of intergroup discrimination tells a different story (Hinkle & Brown, 1990;Morales, Lopez-Saez, & Vega, 1999). For instance, Morales et al (1999) measured individual orientation and showed that, after being categorised with others with a similar orientation, collectivist and individualist groups both displayed discriminatory behaviour, but that discrimination was stronger for collectivist groups than for individualist groups. It should be noted however that this research was conducted using very different methods to those used by Heine and Lehman (1997), and so discrepancies in results should be viewed with this in mind.…”

Section: Individualism Collectivism and Positive Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differentiation between and within groups: the influence of individualist and collectivist group norms

Jetten

McAuliffe

Hornsey

et al. 2006

Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.

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The power of individualist and collectivist group norms to influence intergroup and inter-individual differentiation was examined in three studies. Study 1 revealed that intergroup differentiation was lower when group norms prescribed individualism than when they prescribed collectivism. However, inter-individual differentiation was higher when group norms endorsed individualism than when they promoted collectivism. In Studies 2 and 3 we found evidence for the moderating effect of group salience on the relationship between norms and differentiation. Specifically, the effect that individualist group norms reduced intergroup differentiation but enhanced inter-individual differentiation was more pronounced when group salience was high rather than low. This finding demonstrates that conformity to a group norm prescribing individualism influences the manner in which positive differentiation is expressed. The discussion focuses on the caveats of introducing individualist group norms when attempting to reduce intergroup differentiation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Individualism Collectivism and Positive Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation between and within groups: the influence of individualist and collectivist group norms

Jetten

McAuliffe

Hornsey

et al. 2006

Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…(2005) in their Australian sample can be replicated in a collectivist culture. It is often noted that members of collectivist cultures pay greater attention to ingroup/outgroup distinctions than do members of individualist cultures (Triandis, 1995; Morales et al ., 1999). Furthermore, in collectivist cultures, there is a greater focus on the need to maintain ‘face’ in the eyes of others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Group‐directed criticism in Indonesia: Role of message source and audience

Ariyanto

Hornsey

Gallois

2006

Asian J of Social Psycho

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Research in individualist cultures has shown that group members are more likely to agree with criticisms of their group when the criticisms are made by another ingroup member as opposed to an outgroup member (the intergroup sensitivity effect). However, evaluations of ingroup critics are often harsher when they take their comments to an outgroup audience. In light of research on facework and tolerance for dissent, it seems important to test whether these effects are generalizable to a collectivist culture. Indonesian Muslims (N = 191) received a criticism of their religion stemming either from another Muslim or a Christian, and published in either a Muslim or a Christian newspaper. Participants agreed with the comments more when they were made by an ingroup as opposed to an outgroup member. Furthermore, consistent with previous research in Australia, the effects of audience on agreement were moderated by levels of group identification. Results are discussed in relation to theory about the functional role internal critics can play in group life.

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“…Western societies are considered to be more individualistic in this sense, while Asian societies are stereotypically group-oriented. Morales, López-Sáez, and Vega (1998) critically addressed this cultural distinction, while Hofstede (1980) assumed this distinction to be a feasible criterion to distinguish between cultures. The workings of this criterion will present themselves in spoken, day-to-day discourse, with some speakers addressing the interlocutor's face as well as a group's face more than their own, while speakers from another culture give relatively much attention to their own face.…”

Section: Invidividualism Vs Collectivismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To put it simplistically: all the criteria make sense, they all apply in some shape or form, but they tend to generalise, and they are often too subjective to be used in empirical research. Morales et al (1998), for example, found that qualifying individuals as either 'individualistic' or 'collectivist' could not be used to predict politeness strategies they employ under various circumstances. Those individuals have their own relationship with their cultures, and what is more, each individual is part of a collective, making a distinction between 'individualistic' and 'collectivist' societies a rather forced one.…”

Section: The Challenges Of Applying Culture Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural bias and Sociolinguistics

Smakman

2019

Vestn. Ross. univ. družby nar., Ser. Lingvist.

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Peoples and individuals around the globe continuously develop their own communicative habits. With each generation, adjustments to changing circumstances are made-economic circumstances, natural circumstances, and, for instance, mobility circumstances. The outcome of such transitions is cultural variation, which is visible in hierarchical social systems, belief systems, legal systems, traditions, attire, and all kinds of rituals. Communicative systems are part of culture, and they deserve a role in research focussing on language and communication. However, applying culture as a variable is a challenge, not only because of the cultural variation between peoples and individuals but also because the effects of culture on actual language utterances are hard to measure. Another issue is the dominance of Anglowestern cultural patterns in many analyses. This paper explains these issues and critically reviews the various criteria that well-known cultural models-like the one by Hofstede (1980), Lewis (1969), and Hall (1959, 1976)-use to categorise cultures. Examples of such criteria are: region, relationship with uncertainty, femininity/masculinity, and power relations. The paper concludes by giving a number of practical solutions to the challenge of treating culture as a variable in sociolinguistic research. These solutions are related to, amongst others, the reviewing process for journals, widespread norms of 'good academic language', author/editor selection, cross-cultural academic cooperation, and sharing of funds.

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Discrimination and Beliefs on Discrimination in Individualists and Collectivists

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Differentiation between and within groups: the influence of individualist and collectivist group norms

Differentiation between and within groups: the influence of individualist and collectivist group norms

Group‐directed criticism in Indonesia: Role of message source and audience

Cultural bias and Sociolinguistics

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