Discrimination and Mental Health Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths in Portugal: The Moderating Role of Family Relationships and Optimism

Resilience in LGB Youths: A Systematic Review of Protection Mechanisms

“…Hence, the positive relationship with the parents (Benibgui, 2011), and particularly the feeling of union and perceived parental support (Pearson & Wilkinson, 2013) revealed to be one of the promotion and protection mechanisms related to the larger number of internal and external adaptation indicators. This information is in accordance with what has been appointed in the literature that underlines the influence of parental relations in different dimensions of the adaptation (Bouris et al, 2010;Freitas et al, 2016).…”

“…The professors' positive reactions do not have the corresponding significant protective effect. Other studies also evidenced the more marked influence of the negative interactions on mental health in comparison with the positive interactions (Freitas, D'Augelli, Coimbra, & Fontaine, 2016). In this particular situation, when manifested by acquaintances, the negative reactions possibly strengthen either the existing discrimination or its attribution to internal, stable and uncontrollable factors, which can contribute to the lack of hope on different reactions in the future (Schacter, White, Chang, & Juvonen, 2015;Schmitt et al, 2014).…”

“The Worst Part Was Coming Back Home and Feeling Like Crying”: Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Students in Portuguese Schools

“…The authors drew attention not only to discrimination against LGBT youth but also to the gap between what is legally decreed and the lack of effective approaches to tackle sexual diversity issues in schools. Regarding family experiences of Portuguese LGBT youth, while Freitas et al (2015) found that having frequent experiences of conflict with parents exacerbated the negative impact of discrimination episodes on adolescents' mental health, António and Moleiro (2015) verified that parental support was a moderator of the effects of homophobic bullying on psychological distress. More recently, the National Survey on School Climate conducted in Portugal in 2016(Pizmony-Levy et al, 2018 revealed that schools are for many LGBTI youngsters an environment of unsafety and discomfort, in which insults and other negative attitudes are frequent.…”

“…In Portugal, where the present study was conducted, there is a lack of national level data collection of bullying and harassment toward this population in schools (Lgbtqi Inclusive Education Report, 2018). Furthermore, research about the experiences of LGBT students is scarce (for exceptions see António et al, 2012;Freitas et al, 2015;Rodrigues et al, 2016;Santos et al, 2017Santos et al, , 2018. Thus, our goal in this work was to analyze the written comments left by a group of LGBT students who answered an online questionnaire about their school experiences in Portugal. The above-mentioned challenges are not restricted to the school environment since LGBT adolescents might be at the same time in vulnerable positions in different contexts.…”

Impact of eual rientation ocial upport and Family upport on Minority tress in L People

“…Age, on the other hand, functions as a moderator of the sources of social support for LGB people who are also part of ethnic minorities, with older members of this group appearing to seek family support less (Wise, Smith, Armelie, Boarts, & Delahanty, 2017). Family support demonstrated a role as a protective factor against the development of psychopathologies in Portuguese LGB youths (Freitas, D'Augelli, Coimbra, & Fontaine, 2015).…”