“…Assumptions of protandric hermaphroditism are usually based on sexual dimorphism in size-classes (Orton, 1919;Branch, 1974;Thompson, 1979;Creese et al, 1990), with the occurrence of a small number of simultaneous hermaphrodites in intermediate size classes (Bacci, 1947;Branch, 1974;Creese et al, 1990). Nevertheless, for the large Californian acmaeid, Lottia gigantea (Wright and Lindberg 1982), direct observations have confirmed the pattern, as also, more recently, for the patellid, Patella vulgata (Le Quesne and Hawkins, 2006).…”