Distribution of dimethoate in the body after a fatal organphosphateintoxication

Tarbah, Fuad; Shaheen, Aya; Benomran, F.A.; Hassan, Amjad; Daldrup, Th.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.232

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Due to the wide availability of the organophosphorus compound, toxic effects in humans have been noticeable [1,35,46]. Dimethoate (O,O-dimethyl Smethyl-carbamoyl-methyl phosphorodithioate) is an organophosphorus insecticide with a contact and systemic action [64]. The extensive use of dimethoate poses a health hazard to animals and humans because of its persistence in soil, crops, and cow's milk [62].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This acute exposure to dimethoate primarily induces the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in target tissues, which consequently accumulates acetylcholine and subsequently activates cholinergic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors [2,57]. The toxicity of dimethoate causes adverse effects on many organs and systems, as evidenced by clinical manifestations, biochemical and histological alterations [30,39,40,56,58,64]. The molecular mechanism that may be responsible for the toxicity of dimethoate involves oxidative stress by disrupting the antioxidant defense systems and by producing lipid peroxidation mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different tissues [5,30,41,54,57,58].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antioxidant-rich date palm fruit extract inhibits oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity induced by dimethoate in rat

et al. 2011

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Recent investigations have proved the crucial role of nutritional antioxidants to prevent the damage caused by toxic compounds. In this study, the antioxidant effect of date palm fruit extract on dimethoate-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in rat is investigated and compared with the effect of the well-known antioxidant vitamin C. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of ten each: a control group (C), a group that received dimethoate (20 mg/kg body weight) (D), a group given Deglet Nour extract (DNE), a group treated with DNE 30 min before the administration of dimethoate (DNE + D), a group which received VitC (100 mg/kg body weight) plus dimethoate (Vit C + D), and a group given dimethoate for the first month and DNE 30 min after administration of dimethoate, during the second month (D + DNE). These components were daily administered by gavage for 2 months. After completing the treatment period, blood samples from rats were collected under inhaled diethyl ether anesthesia for serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels, while the rat kidneys were obtained for enzyme assays and histology. Oral administration of dimethoate in rats induced a marked renal failure characterized by a significant increase in serum creatinine and urea levels (p < 0.01) in addition to a significant decrease in serum uric acid (p < 0.05). Interestingly, these drastic modifications were accompanied by a marked enhancement of lipid peroxidation in kidney, indicating a significant induction of oxidative damage (p < 0.01) and dysfunctions of enzymatic antioxidant defenses. These biochemical alterations were also accompanied by histological changes in kidney revealed by a narrowed Bowman's space, tubular degeneration, tubular cell desquamation, and tubular dilatation of proximal tubules. Treatment with date palm fruit extract (Deglet Nour) and also with vitamin C significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the serum renal markers to their near-normal levels when compared with dimethoate-treated rats. In addition, Deglet Nour extract and vitamin C significantly reduced lipid peroxidation, restored the antioxidant defense enzymes in the kidney, and improved the histopathology changes. The present findings indicate that in vivo date palm fruit may be useful for the prevention of oxidative stress-induced nephrotoxicity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant-rich date palm fruit extract inhibits oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity induced by dimethoate in rat

et al. 2011

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“…Distribution of dimethoate at autopsy after poisoning was extensive (378). High levels of dimethoate were present in blood (38 mg/mL), urine (0.47 mg/mL), brain (2.2 mg/g), myocardial tissue (7.6 mg/g), liver (4.6 mg/g), lung (7.6 mg/g), skeletal muscle (21 mg/g), kidney (55 mg/g), and gall bladder (31 mg/g).…”

Section: Pharmacokinetics Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organophosphorus Pesticides

Storm¹

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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Most organophosphorus compounds today fall into two general groups: the so‐called nerve agents, that are very acutely toxic and organophosphorus pesticides that are less toxic. Nerve agents were generally the first toxic organophosphorus developed, and were the original basis for organophosphorus pesticides. Interest about nerve agents has increased lately given concerns about their potential use in terrorist acts. Organophosphate nerve agents and pesticides are a highly diverse group of chemicals. They are all characterized by their ability to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that deactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). At present, the widest use of organophosphorus compounds is as pesticides, although they have also been used as therapeutic agents, gasoline additives, hydraulic fluids, cotton defoliants, fire retardants, plastic components, growth regulators, and industrial intermediates to a much smaller extent. Compounds in this class are numerous and have been categorized in many ways according to the nature of the substituents. Gallo and Lawryk (1991) [2], for example, categorized them into four main groups I–IV based on the characteristics of the leaving group (X). Group I compounds, phosphorylcholines, have a leaving group that contains a quaternary nitrogen and are among the most potent organophosphates (e.g., Shradan). Group II compounds, fluorophosphates, have a fluoride leaving group and are also generally highly toxic (e.g., diisopropyl fluorophosphate). Group III compounds have leaving groups that contain cyanide or a halogen other than fluoride and are generally less potent than group I or II (e.g., Parathion). Group IV contains most of the organophosphates used as insecticides today. These compounds have alkoxy, alkylthio, aryloxy, arylthio, or heterocyclic leaving groups and a wide variety of other substituents. Another classification scheme is based on the nature of the atoms that immediately surround the central phosphorus atom and results in 14 different categories. According to this scheme, phosphates are the prototype for the entire class and are those compounds where all four atoms that surround the phosphorus atom are oxygen (e.g., dichlorvos, mevinphos). Sulfur‐containing organophosphate compounds (phosphorothioates, phosphorothiolates, phosphorodithioates, and phosphorodithiolates) are far more numerous than phosphates and include well‐recognized organophosphate insecticides such as parathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, etc. Other groups contain nitrogen (phosphoramides and phosphorodiamides), nitrogen and sulfur (phosphoramidothionates and phosphoramidothiolates), carbon (phosphonates and phosphinates), or carbon and sulfur (phosphonothionates, phosphonothionothiolates, and phosphinothionates). All aspects of organophosphate chemistry, toxicity, analysis, and exposure potential have been previously and comprehensively reviewed. In addition, information regarding the toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides in particular has expanded greatly in recent years as a result of toxicity data supplied by registrants to the U.S. EPA's Office of Pesticides to support reregistration. These data have been made publicly available by the U.S. EPA on its Internet Web site ( www.epa.gov/pesticides ). The following discussion draws heavily from recent reviews and also includes summaries of relevant toxicity data submitted to, and made available by, the U.S. EPA.

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“…to eradicate household pests [2][3][4][5]. In general, organophosphorus pesticides also exhibit low to moderate toxicity to mammals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Swallowing of pesticides is typical for accidental or intentional poisoning especially for committing suicide causing more than 200,000 death per year [3,[12][13][14][15][16]. The optimization of standard .…”

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confidence: 99%