Distribution of Lipids in the Grain of Wheat (cv. Hereward) Determined by Lipidomic Analysis of Milling and Pearling Fractions

González-Thuillier, Irene; Salt, Louise J.; Chope, Gemma A.; Penson, Simon; Skeggs, Peter; Tosi, Paola; Powers, Stephen J.; Ward, Jane L.; Wilde, Peter J.; Shewry, Peter R.; Haslam, Richard P.

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05289

Cited by 63 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…On the other hand, the higher presence of TAG detected in L3, M1, and M2 revealed that these types of by‐products could be used for extraction of useful oil for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industry; however, it should be pointed out that TAG in L3 and M1 was drastically hydrolyzed after 15 days of storage. The present results agree with those reported by González‐Thuillier et al which confirm the higher presence of FFA in the outer layer with respect to the inner one, where TAG are more concentrated since they are the major forms of storage lipids. In general, DAG were less abundant than TAG and, in agreement with literature data, a decreasing trend in DAG concentration was observed going from the outer part of the grain to the inner one.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The present results agree with those reported by González‐Thuillier et al which confirm the higher presence of FFA in the outer layer with respect to the inner one, where TAG are more concentrated since they are the major forms of storage lipids. In general, DAG were less abundant than TAG and, in agreement with literature data, a decreasing trend in DAG concentration was observed going from the outer part of the grain to the inner one.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Durum Wheat Bran By‐Products: Oil and Phenolic Acids to be Valorized by Industrial Symbiosis

Cardenia

Sgarzi

Mandrioli

et al. 2018

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Wheat bran represents one of the main by‐products of debranning/milling of wheat and is currently used for animal feeding. To evaluate other possibilities of by‐product valorization, the lipid matter and phenols in five different fractions of durum wheat bran by‐products obtained from debranning and milling are determined during storage. The lipid content (3.6%–6.3%) significantly changes in the different by‐products, showing an increasing content of free fatty acids (FFA) during 30‐day storage, which corresponded to a consistent decrease in triacylglycerols (TAG). The lipid matter is mainly composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids (57.20% ± 0.36%–59.43% ± 0.72% of total fatty acids), of which linoleic acid is the most representative, but it significantly decreases during storage. The detected free acidity level confirms lipase activity during storage, since the highest value (65.3%) is reached after 30‐day of storage. Total phenolic content of durum wheat bran by‐products does not significantly change during storage, nor does single phenolic acids in the soluble conjugated and insoluble bound fractions (except for caffeic acid). These results suggest that high value nutritional compounds can be extracted from durum wheat bran by‐products before being supplied for animal feeding, but as requested in food chains, the presence of contaminants should be excluded. Practical Applications: The adoption of an industrial symbiosis approach to transfer and share resources between dissimilar industries reflects recent European strategies on decoupling economic growth from environmental impacts. These results demonstrate that durum wheat bran by‐products, instead of being addressed to animal feeding, could be also used as a source of defatted wheat bran and oil (bran and germ oil) for industrial use (pharmaceutical, cosmetic, etc.) or human consumption. The results demonstrate that it is of outmost importance to control the high free acidity, that is, the amount of FFA, of these by‐products; to overcome this problem, it is necessary to extract the oil from fresh material as soon as possible after debranning and/or milling, in order to reduce the need for strong refining conditions to lower free acidity within the legal requirements for refined oils (≤0.5%). A drastic refining process should possibly be avoided, and discouraged for environmental sustainability reasons, because it would reduce the process yield thus rendering it economically disadvantageous. Wheat bran is one of the main by‐products of wheat milling and is widely used for animal feeding or disposed of, which produces negative environmental and economic impacts. The lipid matter and phenols in five different fractions of durum wheat bran by‐products obtained from milling and grinding are determined during storage. On the basis of these results, it is demonstrated that wheat bran by‐products can be further valorized; therefore, instead of directly addressing the final remaining product to animal feeding or inert material for building or biomass, the wheat bran c...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Durum Wheat Bran By‐Products: Oil and Phenolic Acids to be Valorized by Industrial Symbiosis

Cardenia

Sgarzi

Mandrioli

et al. 2018

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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“…Other high ranking positively correlated lipids also belong to the higher abundant representatives of their subclasses (Table S3 “Median intensity”). With few exceptions, the lipids consisted of FAs with 16 or 18 carbon atoms, which are typical of wheat/plant seed lipids (González‐Thuillier et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age‐dependent loss of seed viability is associated with increased lipid oxidation and hydrolysis

Wiebach

Nagel

Börner

et al. 2019

Plant Cell & Environment

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The accumulation of reactive oxygen species has been associated with a loss of seed viability. Therefore, we have investigated the germination ability of a range of seed stocks, including two wheat collections and one barley collection that had been dry‐aged for 5–40 years. Metabolite profiling analysis revealed that the accumulation of glycerol was negatively correlated with the ability to germinate in all seed sets. Furthermore, lipid degradation products such as glycerol phosphates and galactose were accumulated in some seed sets. A quantitative analysis of nonoxidized and oxidized lipids was performed in the wheat seed set that showed the greatest variation in germination. This analysis revealed that the levels of fully acylated and nonoxidized storage lipids like triacylglycerols and structural lipids like phospho‐ and galactolipids were decreasing. Moreover, the abundance of oxidized variants and hydrolysed products such as mono‐/diacylglycerols, lysophospholipids, and fatty acids accumulated as viability decreased. The proportional formation of oxidized and nonoxidized fatty acids provides evidence for an enzymatic hydrolysis of specifically oxidized lipids in dry seeds. The results link reactive oxygen species with lipid oxidation, structural damage, and death in long‐term aged seeds.

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“…These results are consistent with a previous study [4], as einkorn was reported to show a richer lipid profiling among the ancient varieties, a lipid content 50% higher than those of bread wheat. In fact, PC 34:2 together with lysoPC 16:0 and lysoPC 18:2 are the major PC species detected, representing 60%–70% of the total wheat PC [28]. Acyl carbon and double-bond configurations in phospholipids are probably combination of the major fatty acids, that in einkorn are reported to be linoleic (18:2), oleic (18:1), and palmitic (16:0) acids [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Discrimination of Ancient Grains: A Metabolomics Approach

Righetti

Rubert

Galaverna

et al. 2016

IJMS

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Hulled, or ancient, wheats were the earliest domesticated wheats by mankind and the ancestors of current wheats. Their cultivation drastically decreased during the 1960s; however, the increasing demand for a healthy and equilibrated diet led to rediscovering these grains. Our aim was to use a non-targeted metabolomic approach to discriminate and characterize similarities and differences between ancient Triticum varieties. For this purpose, 77 hulled wheat samples from three different varieties were collected: Garfagnana T. turgidum var. dicoccum L. (emmer), ID331 T. monococcum L. (einkorn) and Rouquin T. spelta L. (spelt). The ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF) metabolomics approach highlighted a pronounced sample clustering according to the wheat variety, with an excellent predictability (Q2), for all the models built. Fifteen metabolites were tentatively identified based on accurate masses, isotopic pattern, and product ion spectra. Among these, alkylresorcinols (ARs) were found to be significantly higher in spelt and emmer, showing different homologue composition. Furthermore, phosphatidylcholines (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPC) levels were higher in einkorn variety. The results obtained in this study confirmed the importance of ARs as markers to distinguish between Triticum species and revealed their values as cultivar markers, being not affected by the environmental influences.

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Distribution of Lipids in the Grain of Wheat (cv. Hereward) Determined by Lipidomic Analysis of Milling and Pearling Fractions

Cited by 63 publications

References 39 publications

Durum Wheat Bran By‐Products: Oil and Phenolic Acids to be Valorized by Industrial Symbiosis

Durum Wheat Bran By‐Products: Oil and Phenolic Acids to be Valorized by Industrial Symbiosis

Age‐dependent loss of seed viability is associated with increased lipid oxidation and hydrolysis

Characterization and Discrimination of Ancient Grains: A Metabolomics Approach

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