Distribution of sunscreens on skin

Schulz, Jens; Hohenberg, Heinz; Pflücker, F.; Gärtner, E.; Will, T.; Pfeiffer, Stephan; Wepf, Roger; Wendel, V.; Gers‐Barlag, H.; Wittern, Klaus‐Peter

doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00120-5

Cited by 265 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Silver nanoparticles, quantum dots, functionalized fullerene etc have been used to investigate and substantiate the possible drug depot following the topical application (Murthy et al, 2011). Numerous reports have shown localization of nano systems at the SC layer and follicular regions (Lademann et al, 1997;Schulz et al, 2002;Lademann et al, 2007;Zvyagin et al, 2008). Quantum dots of different sizes have been used to study the penetrability of nanoparticles across the layers of skin.…”

Section: Drug Depot In Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic considerations in the dermatokinetics of topical formulations

Nair

Jacob

Al‐Dhubiab

et al. 2013

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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Assessing the bioavailability of drug molecules at the site of action provides better insight into the efficiency of a dosage form. However, determining drug concentration in the skin layers following topical application of dermatological formulations is a great challenge. The protocols followed in oral formulations could not be applied for topical dosage forms. The regulatory agencies are considering several possible approaches such as tape stripping, microdialysis etc. On the other hand, the skin bioavailability assessment of xenobiotics is equally important for topical formulations in order to evaluate the toxicity. It is always possible that drug molecules applied on the skin surface may transport thorough the skin and reaches systemic circulation. Thus the real time measurement of molecules in the skin layer has become obligatory. In the last two decades, quite a few investigations have been carried out to assess the skin bioavailability and toxicity of topical/dermatological products. This review provides current understanding on the basics of dermatokinetics, drug depot formation, skin metabolism and clearance of drug molecules from the skin layers following application of topical formulations.Uniterms: Dermatological formulations/pharmacokinetics. Dermatological formulations/ toxicity. Dermatokinetics. Skin/metabolism. Microdialysis. Tape stripping.A avaliação da biodisponibilidade de moléculas de fármacos no sítio de ação oferece melhor compreensão sobre a eficiência da forma de dosagem. Entretanto, a determinação da concentração de fármaco nas camadas da pele em seguida à aplicação tópica de formulações dermatológicas é um grande desafio. Os protocolos seguidos para as formulações orais não podem ser aplicados para as formulações tópicas. As agências regulatórias consideram várias abordagens possíveis, tape stripping, microdiálise etc. Por outro lado, a avaliação da biodisponibilidade de xenobióticos na pele é igualmente importante para as formulações tópicas para se avaliar a toxicidade. É sempre possível que as moléculas de fármaco aplicadas na superfície da pele sejam transportadas através da pele e alcancem a circulação sistêmica. Assim, a medida em tempo real de moléculas na camada da pele tem se tornado obrigatória. Nas últimas duas décadas, realizaram-se poucas pesquisas para avaliar a biodisponibilidade da pele e a toxicidade de produtos tópicos/dermatológicos. Esta revisão fornece a compreensão atual com base na dermatocinética, formação de fármaco de depósito, metabolismo da pele e o clearance das moléculas de fármaco das camadas da pele em seguida à aplicação de formulações tópicas.Unitermos: Formulações dermatológicas/farmacocinética. Formulações dermatológicas/toxicidade. Dermatocinética Pele/metabolismo. Microdiálise. Tape stripping.

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Section: Drug Depot In Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic considerations in the dermatokinetics of topical formulations

Nair

Jacob

Al‐Dhubiab

et al. 2013

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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“…It was concluded that those nanoparticles are unable to permeate the skin. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles of different sizes (from 20 to 100 nm) are not penetrated to SC layers, the human epidermis and dermis, but solely deposited on the outermost surface of the SC [31].…”

Section: Interaction Of Nanoparticles With Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmas meet nanoparticles—where synergies can advance the frontier of medicine

Kong¹,

Keidar²,

Ostrikov³

2011

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

109

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To cite this version:M G Kong, M Keidar, K Ostrikov. Plasmas meet nanoparticleswhere synergies can advance the frontier of medicine. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, IOP Publishing, 2011, 44 (17) AbstractNanoparticles and low-temperature plasmas have been developed, independently and often along different routes, to tackle the same set of challenges in biomedicine. There are intriguing similarities and contrasts in their interactions with cells and living tissues, and these are reflected directly in the characteristics and scope of their intended therapeutic solutions, in particular their chemical reactivity, selectivity against pathogens and cancer cells, safety to healthy cells and tissues, and targeted delivery to diseased tissues. Time has come to ask the inevitable question of possible plasma-nanoparticle synergy and the related benefits to the development of effective, selective, and safe therapies for modern medicine. This perspective article offers a detailed review of the strengths and weakenesses of nanomedicine and plasma medicine as a stand-alone technology, and then provides a critical analysis of some of the major opportunities enabled by synergising the nanotechnology and the plasma technology. It is shown that the plasma-nanoparticle synergy is best captured through the plasma nanotechnology and its benefits for medicine are highly promising.

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“…So far, there is no evidence that NP skin penetration leads to systemic exposure. Most studies have found that TNPs remain at the outmost layer of stratum corneum, possibly in skin furrows or the infundibulum; little TNP has been found in the living epidermis [49,[51][52][53][54][55][56]. Moreover, acute dermal irritation studies and local lymph node assays in mice found no irritation or sensitization [57].…”

Section: Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%