Diversity and distribution of CYP gene family in Bactrian camel

Abstract

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes belong to a superfamily of monooxygenases which are phase I enzymes responsible for the first pass metabolism of about 90% of drugs in animals. However, these enzymes are often polymorphic and metabolism of the same drug in different species or different individuals is influenced by genetic and non-genetic factors. Bactrian camels are capable of survival in harsh living environments, being able to consume diets that are often toxic to other mammals and can tolerate extreme water and food deprivation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Bactrian camel’s special metabolic pathways and unique detoxification capabilities are attributable to particularities of the CYP gene family. The Bactrian camel’s whole genome sequencing data were systemically analyzed and annotated, and then, CYP gene family was searched from the whole protein database and compared with CYP gene families of cattle, horse, chicken, and human. The total of 63 CYP gene copies were found in Bactrian camel’s whole genome and were classified into 17 families and 38 subfamilies. Among them, 9 multi-gene families were found, and CYP2, CYP3, and CPY4 have 27, 6, and 7 subfamilies, accounting for 43, 10, and 11% in camel CYP gene, respectively. In comparison with cattle, chicken, horse, and human, the distribution of CYP gene subfamilies in camel is different, with more CYP2J and CYP3A copies in the Bactrian camel, which may contribute to the Bactrian camel’s specific biological characteristics and metabolic pathways. Comparing to the cow, horse, chicken, and human CYP genes, the distribution of CYP gene subfamilies is distinct in the Bactrian camel. The higher copy number of CYP2J gene and CYP3A gene in Bactrian camel may be the important factors contributing to the distinct biological characteristics and metabolic pathways of Bactrian camels for adaptation to the harsh environments.

Establishment of the HPLC fluorescence detection method for plasma trace ivermectin and its pharmacokinetics in Bactrian camel

“…Bactrian camels, Camelo of the family Camelidae, Artiodactyla, display unique biological characteristics like resistance to heat, cold, drought and thirst. These characteristics favour the survival of these ‘ships of the desert’ in arid, partially arid conditions (Hasi et al., 2018). Plentiful in the Taklamakan Desert, Lop Nor, along the border of China and Mongolia, and the uninhabited areas of the northern Altunshan Mountain, the numbers of wild Bactrian camels nevertheless are in decline, prompting their inclusion in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.…”

“…drought and thirst. These characteristics favour the survival of these 'ships of the desert' in arid, partially arid conditions (Hasi et al, 2018).…”

Review of genetic diversity in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)

“…Different from other mammals, camels’ red blood cells are oval, which is conducive to water storage ( Warda et al, 2014 ). They can consume diets toxic to other mammals due to their special metabolic pathways and unique detoxification capabilities ( Hasi et al, 2018 ). Due to the extreme living environment in desert areas, they feed on Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae, which have a high salt content, and herbaceous plants, bush, and cacti, which are rich in fiber but contain very little protein.…”

Association of CYP19A1 Polymorphism with Genetic Susceptibility to Lung Cancer in Chinese population:a case-control study

“…Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are proteins of the superfamily of monooxygenases involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances. CYP enzymes can covalently bind nucleic acids and proteins to cause genetic mutations, or mediate some signal transduction pathways to induce tumorigenesis and development [2][3][4]. The CYP19A1 gene is located on the chromosome 15 at 15q21.2 and it mainly encodes CYPs aromatase, which involves converting testosterone to estradiol and androstenedione to estrone respectively [5,6].…”