DNA RFLPs at a highly polymorphic locus distinguish European and African subspecies of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. and suggest geographical origins of New World honey bees

A Molecular Biogeographic Analysis of the Relationship between North American Melanoploid Grasshoppers and Their Eurasian and South American Relatives

“…The literature on intercontinental relationships is particularly abundant with respect to single species (e.g., Sperling and Harrison, 1994;McMichael and Hall, 1996;Gasparich et al, 1997), but apart from Drosophila (e.g., Powell, 1997;Barrio and Ayala, 1997), there have been comparatively few investigations of insects above the species level (e.g., Sperling and Harrison, 1994;McPheron and Han, 1997;Friedlander et al, 1998). This is not to imply that the fundamental processes are any different, but rather that events associated with the evolution of higher taxa are expected to have occurred at an earlier time, perhaps coinciding with major reconfigurations of land areas, caused by continental drift (Vermeij, 1991).…”

Asymmetric introgression of African genes in honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) in Central Mexico

“…A number of studies have investigated the process of Africanization of the honeybee using various genetic markers (for example, Hall and Muralidharan, 1989;Smith et al, 1989;Del Lama et al, 1990;Rinderer et al, 1991;Sheppard et al, 1991;Lobo 1995;McMichael and Hall, 1996;Suazo et al, 1998;Quezada-Euán, 2000;Clarke et al, 2001Clarke et al, , 2002Pinto et al, 2005;The Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2006;Whitfield et al, 2006). Initially, it was believed that the Africanized honeybees were a hybrid swarm of European and African honeybee subspecies, but the use of mitochondrial DNA markers soon undermined that view (Smith et al, 1989).…”

Genetic diversity of the west European honey bee (Apis mellifera mellifera and A. m. iberica) II. Microsatellite loci

“…Recently, RAPD markers have been used to map the honey bee genome (Hunt and Page, 1995) (Hall, 1990;McMichael and Hall, 1996). Until now, microsatellites have been mainly used in Apis rraellifera in the fields of molecular evolution (Estoup et al, 1993(Estoup et al, , 1995b, theoretical models of mutations (Estoup et al, 1995a;Cornuet and Luikart, 1997) and reproductive behaviour and sociobiology (Estoup et al, 1994).…”