Do non-bovine domestic animals produce A2 milk?: an <i>in silico</i> analysis

Oliveira, Louise Sarmento Martins de; Alves, Jackeline Santos; Bastos, Marisa Siva; Costa, Raphael Bermal; Camargo, Gregório Miguel Ferreira de

doi:10.1080/10495398.2021.1935982

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These variants result from a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at codon 67 within exon 7, which changes CCT (A2, proline) to CAT (A1, histidine). Domesticated non‐bovine species, such as water buffalo and goat, only express beta‐casein A2 (Oliveira et al, 2021 ). The A2 variant is therefore thought to be encoded by the wild‐type allele.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic polymorphism of bovine beta‐casein gene in Japanese dairy farm herds

Yamada

Sugimura

Kuramoto

2021

Animal Science Journal

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The aim of this study was to investigate beta‐casein polymorphism among 320 Japanese cows sampled from eight dairy farms. We used a newly‐developed genotyping method that involved collecting DNA from hairs and a Cycleave polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect the A1, A2, and B variants. Results revealed the presence of five genotypes (A1A1, A2A2, A1A2, A1B, and A2B). We found that the most common genotype was A2A2 (0.42), followed by A1A2 (0.39) and A1A1 (0.11). The A1B and A2B genotypes were less frequent (<0.05). The frequencies of alleles A1, A2, and B were calculated to be 0.32, 0.64, and 0.04, respectively. Our study is the first to show the current status of beta‐casein polymorphisms in Japanese dairy farms. Given the adverse effects of A1 beta‐casein on human health, attempts have been made to develop herds consisting solely of A2A2 cows. Our study provides a reference for improving cow populations in Japanese dairy farms. The Cycleave PCR‐based assay we developed here can be used for rapid and reliable genotyping of bovine beta‐casein.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic polymorphism of bovine beta‐casein gene in Japanese dairy farm herds

Yamada

Sugimura

Kuramoto

2021

Animal Science Journal

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“…The A2 type variant appears to be the original form of β-CN, as it is the most common, with high frequency among cattle breeds [23], with even higher prevalence in buffalo breeds, since in buffalos, the CSN2 gene is similar to the bovine sequence [25][26][27]. In other dairy species, the similarity of the CSN2 gene and the coding of the A2 allele from β-CN…”

Section: β-Casein Polymorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These ge variations have characteristics of codominance, which means that alleles may be pr in either homozygous, i.e., A1A1 or A2A2, etc., or heterozygous, i.e., A1A2, A1B, forms, where both alleles are expressed for each of the 13 variants [24]. The A2 type variant appears to be the original form of β-CN, as it is the most mon, with high frequency among cattle breeds [23], with even higher prevalence in bu breeds, since in buffalos, the CSN2 gene is similar to the bovine sequence [25][26][27]. In dairy species, the similarity of the CSN2 gene and the coding of the A2 allele from β have not yet been clearly established.…”

Section: β-Casein Polymorphismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Difficulties in Establishing the Adverse Effects of β-Casomorphin-7 Released from β-Casein Variants—A Review

de Vasconcelos,

Oliveira,

Hill

et al. 2023

Foods

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β-Casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) is a peptide released through the proteolysis of β-casein (β-CN), which is considered a bioactive peptide displaying evidence of promoting the binding and activation of the μ-opioid receptor located in various body parts, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system and potentially the central nervous system. The possible effects of BCM-7 on health are a theme rising in popularity due to evidence found in several studies on the modulation of gastrointestinal proinflammatory responses that can trigger digestive symptoms, such as abdominal discomfort. With the advancement of studies, the hypothesis that there is a correlation of the possible effects of BCM-7 with the microbiota–gut–brain axis has been established. However, some studies have suggested the possibility that these adverse effects are restricted to a portion of the population, and the topic is controversial due to the small number of in vivo studies, which makes it difficult to obtain more conclusive results. In addition, a threshold of exposure to BCM-7 has not yet been established to clarify the potential of this peptide to trigger physiological responses at gastrointestinal and systemic levels. The proportion of the population that can be considered more susceptible to the effects of BCM-7 are evidenced in the literature review. The challenges of establishing the adverse effects of BCM-7 are discussed, including the importance of quantifying the BCM-7 release in the different β-CN genotypes. In summary, the reviewed literature provides plausible indications of the hypothesis of a relationship between β-CN A1/BCM-7 and adverse health effects; however, there is need for further, especially in vivo studies, to better understand and confirm the physiological effects of this peptide.

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Beta casein proteins – A comparison between caprine and bovine milk

Spencer

Ong

et al. 2022

Trends in Food Science & Technology

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Do non-bovine domestic animals produce A2 milk?: an in silico analysis

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

Genetic polymorphism of bovine beta‐casein gene in Japanese dairy farm herds

Genetic polymorphism of bovine beta‐casein gene in Japanese dairy farm herds

Difficulties in Establishing the Adverse Effects of β-Casomorphin-7 Released from β-Casein Variants—A Review

Beta casein proteins – A comparison between caprine and bovine milk

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