“…Although ERT assisted higher education institutions in the continuation of education during the pandemic (Abou Youssef & Richter, 2022;Hodges et al, 2020), this instructional style has been associated with various challenges, such as teachers' readiness to shift to online teaching and their inability to create and deliver online instruction (Alterri et al, 2020;Crawford et al, 2020;Hodges et al, 2020;Sam, 2020). Although remote teaching during COVID-19 enabled teachers to try virtual flipped learning (Al-Nabbi et al, 2022;Andujar et al, 2020;Jia et al, 2020;Marshall & Kostka, 2020;Mursyidah et al, 2021;Singh & Arya, 2020;Tang et al, 2020;Veldthuis et al, 2020;Yen, 2020;Zawilinski et al, 2020), it was challenging to engage students in flipped learning activities (Turan & Akdag-Cimen, 2020;Umar & Ko, 2022). Hence, Mursyidah et al (2021) called for scholarly endeavours to investigate challenges and issues faced by institutions, faculty and students in implementing virtual flipped learning classrooms during the pandemic.…”