Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value?

Schoenbaum, Geoffrey; Takahashi, Yuji K.; Liu, Tzu-Lan; McDannald, Michael A.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06210.x

Cited by 215 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The tests conducted on phase two showed that control subjects perform better in blocks 7, 9, 10 and 11 (all p<0.05). The results of this study can be correlated to the hypothesis that the orbitofrontal cortex has integrative function to signaling signals of reward/punishment for our actions and are able to detect and analyze details pertaining the overall situation [20]. To analyze the association between the severity of major depressive disorder and performance in the test, the authors examined the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores in each of the blocks in this group.…”

Section: Executive Functions In Adults With Depressionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Executive Function Impairments in Patients with Depression

Alves¹,

Yamamoto²,

Arias-Carrión³

et al. 2014

CNSNDDT

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Depression, the most prevalent psychiatric disorder, has a lifelong risk of 20% and is related to high rates of death among the patients. Thus, this study aims to conduct a systematic review of changes in executive functions of adult patients diagnosed with depression. We found 1381 articles; however, only 28 were selected and recovered. The inclusion criteria was the assessment of executive functions with at least one neuropsychological test, and articles that evaluated primarily adult individuals with depression, without comparison to other psychiatric disorders. Although most of the studies (25 out of 28 analyzed) have shown deficits in some executive subcomponents, these findings are not conclusive because they used different parameters of assessment. Moreover, many variables were not controlled, such as the different subtypes of the disorder, the high level of severity, comorbidity and the use of drugs. Most studies showed different deficits in executive functions in depressed patients, but further longitudinal studies are needed in order to confirm these findings.

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Section: Executive Functions In Adults With Depressionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Executive Function Impairments in Patients with Depression

Alves¹,

Yamamoto²,

Arias-Carrión³

et al. 2014

CNSNDDT

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Specifically, we propose that the medial PFC contributes to hippocampal valuation of novelty's biological salience, as this region has been implicated in the assessment of environmental novelty and the behavioral ramifications of its presence (Rangel and Hare 2010;Grabenhorst and Rolls 2011;Schoenbaum et al 2011;Silvetti et al 2011;Roy et al 2012). The medial PFC and other regions in the MTL, critically, predict habituation and extinction of behavioral responses to other biologically salient stimuli, such as fear-predicting stimuli (Vertes 2006;Schiller and Delgado 2010).…”

Section: Hippocampal Connectivity During Habituation To Noveltymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampal networks habituate as novelty accumulates

et al. 2013

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Novelty detection, a critical computation within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system, necessarily depends on prior experience. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans to investigate dynamic changes in MTL activation and functional connectivity as experience with novelty accumulates. fMRI data were collected during a target detection task: Participants monitored a series of trial-unique novel and familiar scene images to detect a repeating target scene. Even though novel images themselves did not repeat, we found that fMRI activations in the hippocampus and surrounding cortical MTL showed a specific, decrementing response with accumulating exposure to novelty. The significant linear decrement occurred for the novel but not the familiar images, and behavioral measures ruled out a corresponding decline in vigilance. Additionally, early in the series, the hippocampus was inversely coupled with the dorsal striatum, lateral and medial prefrontal cortex, and posterior visual processing regions; this inverse coupling also habituated as novelty accumulated. This novel demonstration of a dynamic adjustment in neural responses to novelty suggests a similarly dynamic allocation of neural resources based on recent experience.A fundamental task for organisms is to detect, learn about, and respond to change in the environment. Novelty responses in the brain signal environmental change and predict neural and behavioral adjustments to it; neural responses to novelty are thus a proxy for the salience of environmental change. Evidence from humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents points to a specialized brain system for the detection of novelty, centered around the hippocampus (HPC) and medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system (Ranganath and Rainer 2003). It is now well documented that the HPC and MTL respond robustly to novel stimuli (Gabrieli et al. 1997;Jessen et al. 2002;Kohler et al. 2005;Bunzeck and Duzel 2006;Yassa and Stark 2008;Blackford et al. 2010;Howard et al. 2011). However, relatively little is known about how these responses are modulated by prior experience. In particular, how does a recent history rich with novel information influence MTL networks specialized for novelty processing?Other literature has described how prior exposure to biologically salient stimuli (or to a repeated feature) changes neural responses to future processing of those stimuli. Throughout the ventral visual stream, neural responses to repeated presentations of visually identical stimuli progressively decrease (Henson et al. 2003). Similarly, the amygdala and other structures implicated in fear processing habituate to cumulative exposure to trialunique stimuli that depict fear (Breiter et al. 1996;Wright et al. 2001;Fischer et al. 2003) or signal threat (Buchel et al. 1998;LaBar et al. 1998). Habituation has been proposed to be biologically adaptive: As a stimulus or feature is repeated, it provides less information about the environment, and demands fewer processing resources (Sokolov 1963;Rankin...

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“…The medial orbitofrontal cortex shares extensive reciprocal connections with the amygdala (Barbas et al, 2007), and both are central to emotional processing, particularly in evaluating salience aspects of the environment that guide emotional learning and promote adaptive behaviour (Adolphs et al, 1995;Rolls, 1996;Schoenbaum et al, 2011). Moreover, the connectivity of both, the amygdala as well as the orbitofrontal cortex includes reciprocal connections with the hippocampal formation, including the parahippocampus, and these pathways have been suggested to fundamentally contribute to the impact of emotional salience on learning (Cavada et al, 2000).…”

Section: Valence-specific Effects Of Ketaminementioning

confidence: 99%

General and emotion-specific neural effects of ketamine during emotional memory formation

et al. 2017

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General and emotion-specific neural effects of ketamine during emotional memory formation, NeuroImage, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.049 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractAnimal studies suggest that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dependent signalling in limbic and prefrontal regions is critically involved in both cognitive and emotional functions. In humans, ketamine-induced transient, and disorder associated chronic NMDAR hypofunction (i.e. in schizophrenia) has been associated with deficient performance in the domains of memory and higher-order emotional functioning, as well as altered neural activity in the underlying limbicprefrontal circuits. To model the effects of NMDAR hypofunction on the integration of emotion and cognition the present pharmacological fMRI study applied the NMDAR antagonist ketamine (target plasma level = 100ng/ml) to 21 healthy volunteers in a within-subject placebo-controlled crossover 2 design during encoding of neutral, positive and negative pictures. Our results show that irrespective of emotion, ketamine suppressed parahippocampal and medial prefrontal activity. In contrast, ketamine selectively increased amygdala and orbitofrontal activity during successful encoding of negative stimuli. On the network level ketamine generally increased medial prefrontalparahippocampal coupling while specifically decreasing amygdala-orbitofrontal interplay during encoding of negative stimuli. On the behavioural level, ketamine produced generally decreased memory performance and abolished the emotional enhancement of memory after a wash-out period of 5 days. The present findings suggest that ketamine produces general as well as valencespecific effects during emotional memory formation. The pattern partly overlaps with alterations previously observed in patients with schizophrenia.

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Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value?

Cited by 215 publications

References 86 publications

Executive Function Impairments in Patients with Depression

Executive Function Impairments in Patients with Depression

Hippocampal networks habituate as novelty accumulates

General and emotion-specific neural effects of ketamine during emotional memory formation

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