Doublecortin expression in adult cat and primate cerebral cortex relates to immature neurons that develop into GABAergic subgroups

Cai, Yan; Xiong, Kun; Chu, Yaping; Luo, Di; Luo, Xiao; Yuan, Xian-Yui; Struble, Robert G.; Clough, Richard W.; Spencer, Dennis D.; Williamson, Anne; Kordower, Jeffrey H.; Patrylo, Peter R.; Yan, Xiao‐Xin

doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.12.008

Cited by 98 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…It is known that canine and feline cells from the external germinal layer continue to divide for as long as 10 weeks postnatally, hence offering favorable conditions for virus replication (17). Moreover, it is widely accepted that the brain is not a completely irreversible postmitotic tissues as previously thought and that even neurogenesis lasts until adulthood of various species in some brain regions (2,11,28). Replication of parvovirus in neurons has already been demonstrated in cats (56) and mice (42), and it is known that certain types of neurons, e.g., cerebellar Purkinje cells, can express the transferrin receptor that is used by canine and feline parvoviruses for viral entry (40,59).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Parvovirus Infection in Cretan Hound Puppies

Schaudien¹,

Polizopoulou

Koutinas

et al. 2010

J Clin Microbiol

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Leukoencephalopathies in dogs encompass presumably inherited conditions such as leukodystrophies, hypomyelination or spongiform degeneration, but other causes, such as virus infections and toxic or nutritional factors, might also play a contributory role. In this report, we provide evidence of parvovirus infection and replication in the brains of five 6-week-old Cretan hound puppies suffering from a puppy shaker syndrome and leukoencephalopathy. Although these puppies belonged to two different litters, they were closely related, tracing back two generations to the same sire. Histologically, a mild to moderate lymphohistiocytic meningitis, with focal lymphohistiocytic leukoencephalitis in two animals, and a mild to moderate vacuolation with myelin loss, mainly in the white matter of the cerebellum was detected. Vacuolation was also found in the corpus callosum, fimbria hippocampi, mesencephalon, capsula interna, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Parvovirus Infection in Cretan Hound Puppies

Schaudien¹,

Polizopoulou

Koutinas

et al. 2010

J Clin Microbiol

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“…In these still-developing young neurons, DCX is present in the cytoplasm, including axons [Francis et al, 1999;Gleeson et al, 1999]. In the brain of adult mammals, DCX is transiently expressed in recently generated cells that migrate and differentiate into neurons [Liu et al, 2008;Xiong et al, 2008;Cai et al, 2009;Luzzati et al, 2009]. In the rat, expression of DCX starts within 1 day after the last division and disappears after 2-3 weeks, when these cells begin to express proteins characteristic for mature neurons, like NeuN [Brown et al, 2003].…”

Section: Reliability Of DCX As a Marker Of Immature Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since Altman [1962] first reported adult neurogenesis in the neocortex, this claim is still controversial. On the one hand, data have reported the existence of newly generated neurons in the neocortex [Gould et al, 1999;Dayer et al, 2005;Cameron and Dayer, 2008;Cai et al, 2009], and on the other hand results have found no evidence of such neurons [Kornack and Rakic, 2001;Ehninger and Kempermann, 2003;Koketsu et al, 2003]. The presence, targets and extent of tangential migration from the RMS are highly dependent on investigated species, and the functional role of these new neurons is poorly understood yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult Neurogenesis in the Hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor) and Mole (Talpa europaea)

et al. 2010

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We investigated adult neurogenesis in two species of mammals belonging to the superorder Laurasiatheria, the southern white-breasted hedgehog (order Erinaceomorpha, species Erinaceus concolor) from Armenia and the European mole (order Soricomorpha, species Talpa europaea) from Poland. Neurogenesis in the brain of these species was examined immunohistochemically, using the endogenous markers doublecortin (DCX) and Ki-67, which are highly conserved among species. We found that in both the hedgehog and mole, like in the majority of earlier investigated mammals, neurogenesis continues in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and in the dentate gyrus (DG). In the DG of both species, DCX-expressing cells and Ki-67-labeled cells were present in the subgranular and granular layers. In the mole, a strong bundle of DCX-labeled processes, presumably axons of granule cells, was observed in the center of the hilus. Proliferating cells (expressing Ki-67) were identified in the SVZ of lateral ventricles of both species, but neuronal precursor cells (expressing DCX) were also observed in the olfactory bulb (OB). In both species, the vast majority of cells expressing DCX in the OB were granule cells with radially orientated dendrites, although some periglomerular cells surrounding the glomeruli were also labeled. In addition, this paper is the first to show DCX-labeled fibers in the anterior commissure of the hedgehog and mole. These fibers must be axons of new neurons making interhemispheric connections between the two OB or piriform (olfactory) cortices. DCX-expressing neurons were observed in the striatum and piriform cortex of both hedgehog and mole. We postulate that in both species a fraction of cells newly generated in the SVZ migrates along the rostral migratory stream to the piriform cortex. This pattern of migration resembles that of the ‘second-wave neurons’ generated during embryonal development of the neocortex rather than the pattern observed during development of the allocortex. In spite of the presence of glial cells alongside DCX-expressing cells, we never found colocalization of DCX protein with a glial marker (vimentin or glial fibrillary acidic protein).

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“…Noteworthy, Cai et al [2009] did not advocate that these cells migrate from the ventricles into the cortical areas, stating that DCX-positive cells in the piriform cortex are resident. We observed an age-related decrease in DCX and PSA-NCAM expression in the piriform cortex of the bat, as described in the rat [Shapiro et al, 2007], with adult fruit bats displaying weak immunoreactivity in the temporal stream and piriform cortex.…”

Section: Olfactory Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Cortical Cellular Plasticity in Wahlberg’s Epauletted Fruit Bat: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study

et al. 2010

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Species-specific characteristics of neuronal plasticity emerging from comparative studies can address the functional relevance of hippocampal or cortical plasticity in the light of ecological adaptation and evolutionary history of a given species. Here, we present a quantitative and qualitative analysis of neurogenesis in young and adult free-living Wahlberg’s epauletted fruit bats. Using the markers for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), doublecortin (DCX) and polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), our findings in the hippocampus, olfactory bulb and cortical regions are described and compared to reports in other mammals. Expressed as a percentage of the total number of granule cells, PCNA- and BrdU-positive cells accounted for 0.04 in young to 0.01% in adult animals; DCX-positive cells for 0.05 (young) to 0.01% (adult); PSA-NCAM-positive cells for 0.1 (young) to 0.02% (adult), and pyknotic cells for 0.007 (young) to 0.005% (adult). The numbers were comparable to other long-lived, late-maturing mammals such as primates. A significant increase in the total granule cell number from young to adult animals demonstrated the successful formation and integration of new cells. In adulthood, granule cell number appeared stable and was surprisingly low in comparison to other species. Observations in the olfactory bulb and rostral migratory stream were qualitatively similar to descriptions in other species. In the ventral horn of the lateral ventricle, we noted prominent expression of DCX and PSA-NCAM forming a temporal migratory stream targeting the piriform cortex, possibly reflecting the importance of olfaction to these species. Low, but persistent hippocampal neurogenesis in non-echolocating fruit bats contrasted the findings in echolocating microbats, in which hippocampal neurogenesis was largely absent. Together with the observed intense cortical plasticity in the olfactory system of fruit bats we suggest a differential influence of sensory modalities on hippocampal and cortical plasticity in this mammalian order.

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Doublecortin expression in adult cat and primate cerebral cortex relates to immature neurons that develop into GABAergic subgroups

Cited by 98 publications

References 56 publications

Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Parvovirus Infection in Cretan Hound Puppies

Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Parvovirus Infection in Cretan Hound Puppies

Adult Neurogenesis in the Hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor) and Mole (Talpa europaea)

Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Cortical Cellular Plasticity in Wahlberg’s Epauletted Fruit Bat: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study

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