DRL-Based V2V Computation Offloading for Blockchain-Enabled Vehicular Networks

Shi, Jinming; Du, Jianyang; Shen, Yuan; Wang, Jian; Yuan, Jian; Han, Zhu

doi:10.1109/tmc.2022.3153346

Cited by 65 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…A novel trust management system based on blockchain for the cooperative verification and storage of sensitive data with the help of MEC is further presented in [15]. From the MEC perspective, blockchain technology can ensure that the data shared by CVs are legitimate and that each CV has corresponding permissions to access the computing resources of MEC servers [16], [17]. Finally, from the communication point of view, blockchain can be applied for radio resource sharing, mobility management and the establishment of service level agreements (SLAs) between network operators and CVs [18], [19].…”

Section: B Blockchain-empowered V2i Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-based Route Selection with Allocation of Radio and Computing Resources for Connected Vehicles

Gazda¹,

Maksymyuk²,

Bečvář³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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<p>Most of the existing solutions for communication of connected vehicles (CVs) are focused on the optimization of resource allocation, however, not taking the driving routes of the CVs into account. In addition, no existing work considers the offloading of computing tasks from CVs to edge computing servers. In this paper, we introduce joint vehicular route selection and radio and computing resource allocation for CVs. The proposed algorithm minimizes the ratio of failed tasks along the entire vehicular route considering the availability of both radio and computing resources. To manage the allocation of resources among multiple CVs for each vehicular route, we develop a blockchain-based framework allowing resource reservation by means of nonfungible tokens (NFTs). Each NFT represents an exclusive right to the required amount of radio and computing resources for the given road segment and defined time interval. Simulation results show that the proposed vehicular route selec-<br> tion algorithm reduces the ratio of tasks not completed before deadline by up to 69% compared to the existing state-of-the-art algorithms.</p>

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Section: B Blockchain-empowered V2i Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-based Route Selection with Allocation of Radio and Computing Resources for Connected Vehicles

Gazda¹,

Maksymyuk²,

Bečvář³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…After the resource trading is completed, the blockchain system will record the trading information (i.e., timestamp, AP ID, user ID, amount of computing resources and bandwidth provided by the AP cluster, amount of remuneration paid by user, information of computing task, et.al. [26]) by executing the consensus mechanism. Furthermore, a smart contract with a series of security mechanisms is deployed both on the user side and AP side to manage the process of APs clustering, resource trading and consensus process, which can ensure the credibility of resource trading and the data security of users.…”

Section: Blockchain-based Consensus Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

When the User-Centric Network Meets Mobile Edge Computing: Challenges and Optimization

Qin

2023

IEEE Commun. Mag.

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In the traditional mobile edge computing (MEC) system, the availability of MEC services is greatly limited for the edge users of the cell due to serious signal attenuation and inter-cell interference. User-centric MEC (UC-MEC) can be seen as a promising solution to address this issue. In UC-MEC, each user is served by a dedicated access point (AP) cluster enabled with MEC capability instead of a single MEC server, however, at the expense of more energy consumption and greater privacy risks. To achieve efficient and reliable resource utilization with user-centric services, we propose an energy efficient blockchainenabled UC-MEC system where blockchain operations and resource optimization are jointly performed. Firstly, we design a resource-aware, reliable, replicated, redundant, and faulttolerant (R-RAFT) consensus mechanism to implement secure and reliable resource trading. Then, an optimization framework based on alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is proposed to minimize the total energy consumed by wireless transmission, consensus and task computing, where APs clustering, computing resource allocation and bandwidth allocation are jointly considered. Simulation results show superiority of the proposed UC-MEC system over reference schemes, at most 33.96% reduction in the total delay and 48.77% reduction in the total energy consumption.

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“…On the fairness of ITDs to obtain bookkeeping right, literatures [8], [9] use the decentralized characteristics of BC to build the trust foundation between ITDs and improve the data security in computation offloading. Literatures [10], [11] take reputation value as an evaluation standard, which is directly proportional to the reward and can improve ITDs' enthusiasm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Literatures [10], [11] take reputation value as an evaluation standard, which is directly proportional to the reward and can improve ITDs' enthusiasm. However, in [8][9][10][11], only the ITDs with highest reputation value can obtain bookkeeping rights, ITDs with low reputation value cannot obtain bookkeeping rights, so the consensus mechanism designs in [8][9][10][11] are unfair to all ITDs, and ITDs with low reputation value will lose their enthusiasm to participate in consensus. In order to improve the fairness of ITDs to access bookkeeping rights, this paper proposes a mining difficulty setting method based on ITDs clustering, which can dynamically adjust the mining difficulty value of each ITD, so that ITDs can obtain bookkeeping rights more fairly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the consensus mechanism that applicable to computation offloading, the blockchain consensus mechanisms adopted in [8]- [12] need long time to generate block and achieve consensus. For example, The POW used in [8] and [9] needs long time to generate block, and the consensus mechanisms in [10] [11] also need long time to generate blocks. Reference [12] uses blockchain and smart contract to promote task offloading and mitigate various security attacks, designs a trust index to improve the possibility of successful offloading, and develops a trust evaluation mechanism to improve the safety of computation offloading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intelligent Terminal Computation Offloading Method Based on the Incentive of Reputation Value

Zhi

Zhang

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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Existing researches that apply blockchain into computation offloading do not consider the enthusiasm of terminals to participate in computation offloading, the fairness of terminals to obtain bookkeeping right and the consensus mechanism that applicable to computation offloading between terminals. So, in this paper, a computation offloading method based on reputation value incentive is proposed, and the detailed workflow of this method is designed. In the workflow, a computation resource allocation method based on dynamic adjustment auction, a mining difficulty setting method based on intelligent terminal devices (ITDs) clustering and an improved POW consensus mechanism based on reputation value (RVPOW) are proposed to ensure the fairness of ITDs to obtain bookkeeping right and improve the enthusiasm of ITDs to participate in computation offloading and blockchain consensus. Simulation results show that the proposed computation offloading method can encourage ITDs to participate in computation offloading, and the RVPOW consensus mechanism can achieve fast consensus.

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DRL-Based V2V Computation Offloading for Blockchain-Enabled Vehicular Networks

Cited by 65 publications

References 38 publications

Blockchain-based Route Selection with Allocation of Radio and Computing Resources for Connected Vehicles

Blockchain-based Route Selection with Allocation of Radio and Computing Resources for Connected Vehicles

When the User-Centric Network Meets Mobile Edge Computing: Challenges and Optimization

Intelligent Terminal Computation Offloading Method Based on the Incentive of Reputation Value

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