Drug Delivery Nanosystems for Cardiovascular Stents

The Surface Modification Methods for Constructing Polymer-Coated Stents

“…Among them, cardiovascular disease has being listed as a major cause of death and morbidity globally based on the status report of noncommunicable diseases in the world [1,[3][4][5][6][7]. Atherosclerosis, as a chronic inflammation with slow progressive buildup of lipids and macrophages within the arterial wall, is the primary contributor to myocardial infarctions and atherosclerotic plaque rupture [1,8].…”

“…Atherosclerosis, as a chronic inflammation with slow progressive buildup of lipids and macrophages within the arterial wall, is the primary contributor to myocardial infarctions and atherosclerotic plaque rupture [1,8]. In comparison with an open-heart surgery, angioplasty exhibits more benefits to patients and has been extensively employed to treat atherosclerosis by implanting an antithrombogenic agent-coated stent into the infected lesion in order to maintain an artery open after balloon angioplasty [3,9]; moreover, general anesthesia is unnecessary for patients. In the long run, however, the migration of smooth muscle cell will be stimulated under such a stent implantation, while the atheroma thin layer is subjected to rupture, leading to thrombosis and restenosis [9,10].…”

“…Even though the original bare metal stents are epochmaking at the time, their drawbacks are quick occurrence of restenosis and renarrowing of the lumen [3]. The experiments evidence that stents may be subjected to an event known as "late stent thrombosis" that happens one or more years of poststenting, where the blood clots inside the stent [3,15].…”

“…Even though the original bare metal stents are epochmaking at the time, their drawbacks are quick occurrence of restenosis and renarrowing of the lumen [3]. The experiments evidence that stents may be subjected to an event known as "late stent thrombosis" that happens one or more years of poststenting, where the blood clots inside the stent [3,15]. To tackle these challenges, the concept of drugeluting stents (DESs) was introduced to restrain the occurrence of restenosis and thrombosis by allowing the release of the drug to be gradual and permitting the drug delivery to be sustained over many weeks [3,16].…”

“…The experiments evidence that stents may be subjected to an event known as "late stent thrombosis" that happens one or more years of poststenting, where the blood clots inside the stent [3,15]. To tackle these challenges, the concept of drugeluting stents (DESs) was introduced to restrain the occurrence of restenosis and thrombosis by allowing the release of the drug to be gradual and permitting the drug delivery to be sustained over many weeks [3,16]. Though DESs have achieved great success, material-related problems still exist in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases [17].…”