Drug delivery of natural products through nano‐carriers for effective vitiligo therapy: A compendia review

Abstract

Skin illnesses affect 30%-70% of the world's population, symptoms might range from acute to chronic, benign to fatal. According to the Global Burden of Disease report in 2010, skin problems are now the fourth greatest source of non-fatal disease burden. Dermatitis inflammation, infection (caused by pathogens like viruses, fungi, and bacteria), auto-immune ailments such as psoriasis/atopic dermatitis,

Skin Protection by Carotenoid Pigments

“…Liposomal preparations containing phospholipids, which improve the solubility of carotenoids in water, deserve attention. The use of a high-pressure homogenizer (Mi-crofluidizerTM) made it possible to obtain nanosystems with a diameter of less than 100 nm [319], which structurally resemble the cell membrane and can connect to the stratum corneum [351]. Zhao et al [352] developed nano-liposomes of lycopene with increased stability, which was confirmed in in vivo tests on an animal model.…”

Nanotechnology-Based Topical Delivery of Natural Products for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis

“…In fact, LIPs are characterized by a double-layered membrane, comparable to the phospholipidic cell membrane, surrounding an aqueous core, and are non-toxic and biodegradable delivery systems. Given their high biocompatibility, LIPs easily merge with the stratum corneum cells, allowing deep penetration into the epidermal layer [ 10 ]. When incorporating both hydrophobic and lyophobic drugs, they are also characterized by enhanced drug solubility, compatibility, and biodegradability, and they have been used to deliver drugs to specific affected sites [ 59 ].…”

“…ETOs are phospholipid-based flexible and elastic vesicles bearing an ethanolic core (20–45% ethanol), but also containing other key ingredients such as phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and water. Given the high content of ethanol in these nanocarriers, they have the capacity to easily penetrate the epidermic stratum corneum , thus promoting a deep and localized drug delivery into the skin [ 7 , 10 , 32 , 65 ]. According to the study of Kumar et al [ 32 ], piperine-loaded ETOs were prepared by the cold method, and for optimized ethosomal dispersion, the nanocarriers presented an EE of 74.30 ± 3.88% and a vesicle size of 318.1 nm.…”

“…Natural products are the source of several, and highly heterogenous, molecules such as multiple phenolic ring-bearing compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and catechins, nitrogen-containing molecules such as alkaloids, carotenoids, and polysaccharides, and small volatile molecules such as those found in essential oil-bearing plants [ 2 ]. Interestingly, their anti-inflammatory properties in the treatment of skin inflammation-based diseases have been depicted, such as for vitiligo [ 10 ], psoriasis [ 11 ], and, more importantly, AD [ 9 ]. Recent research suggest that these molecules exert an antioxidant activity, improving cells’ redox status, that in turn ameliorates the inflammatory response, by suppressing the activity of key regulators in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathways, which are key molecular inflammatory responses [ 8 ].…”

Clinical Applications of Polypodium leucotomos (Fernblock®): An Update

“…PLE does this by preventing sunburn and phototoxic reactions, as shown in both in vitro and in vivo studies involving human and animal models [75]. A recent review suggests that innovative drug delivery methods have the potential to enhance the delivery of topical medications by improving their localization within the epidermis and increasing their effectiveness, providing an interesting possibility for future improvements in PLE's efficacy [76].…”