Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, Skinfold Thickness, and Waist Circumference for Assessing Body Composition in Ambulant and Non-Ambulant Wheelchair Games Players

Willems, A.L.; Paulson, Thomas A.W.; Keil, Mhairi; Brooke‐Wavell, Katherine; Goosey-Tolfrey, Victoria L.

doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00356

Cited by 24 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Comparing these results to the study of Keil et al (16), both studies showed similar results for fat mass and fat-free mass in the arms, legs and trunk in basketball players. The same was true for Willems et al (19) investigating body composition in 14 wheelchair games player. Additionally, they showed a significantly lower total lean tissue mass in non-walkers compared to walkers.…”

Section: Body Composition In Able-bodied and Disabled Athletesmentioning

confidence: 62%

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Body Composition in Swiss Elite Wheelchair Athletes

Flueck

2020

Front. Nutr.

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The aim of this study was to retrospectively interpret body composition in various wheelchair athletes. In total, 69 athletes (mean ± standard deviation; age 33 ± 11 years; body mass 65.1 ± 14.8 kg; height 169.9 ± 14.9 cm and time since injury 19 ± 11 years) from different national teams in wheelchair sports underwent a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement during the yearly medical checkup. The data showed a significant difference between total fat and total fat-free mass between male (fat mass: 15.1 ± 7.6 kg; fat-free mass: 51.8 ± 9.3 kg) and female (fat mass: 19.4 ± 7.8 kg; fat-free mass: 36.8 ± 7.6 kg) athletes (p = 0.032, p < 0.001). In contrast, no significant difference (p = 0.16, p = 0.07) in fat and fat-free mass between paraplegic, tetraplegic and non-SCI athletes was found. Comparing different sports, the lowest fat mass was found in paracycling athletes whereas curling game players showed the highest total fat mass. Basketball game players showed the highest fat-free mass (fat-free mass: 54.8 ± 10.1 kg). In tetraplegic athletes, difference in fat-free mass between left and right arms correlated with the upper extremity motor score. For the interpretation of the data it seems to be crucial, that many different parameters (i.e., gender, motor level of the injury) are taken into consideration in wheelchair athletes.

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Section: Body Composition In Able-bodied and Disabled Athletesmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Several different studies investigated body composition in wheelchair athletes using the DXA method (6,15,16,(18)(19)(20). Most of these studies focused on one sports discipline, a gender or one lesion level (e.g., tetraplegia or paraplegia).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Composition in Swiss Elite Wheelchair Athletes

Flueck

2020

Front. Nutr.

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“…Lean et al and Durnin and Womersley equations underestimated %BF by 2.1% and 4.2% in non‐disabled and by 10.6% and 8.3% in disabled athletes while Lean et al equations overestimated %BF in post‐menopausal women . Durnin and Womerley equations have been shown to underestimate %BF in men and women and to underestimate %BF more as BMI increases from overweight to obese . Cui et al showed that equations that included skinfolds tended to underestimate %BF more in the adults with obesity than the non‐obese when applied to NHANES data .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Lean et al equations developed in 16 to 65 year olds applied to youth 13 to 17 years resulted in estimates of %BF in men and women that were systematically low . Lean et al and Durnin and Womersley equations underestimated %BF by 2.1% and 4.2% in non‐disabled and by 10.6% and 8.3% in disabled athletes while Lean et al equations overestimated %BF in post‐menopausal women . Durnin and Womerley equations have been shown to underestimate %BF in men and women and to underestimate %BF more as BMI increases from overweight to obese .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

External Validation of Equations that Use Demographic and Anthropometric Measurements to Predict Percent Body Fat

Reynolds

Stevens

Cai

et al. 2018

Obesity Science & Practice

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SummaryObjectiveNumerous equation to predict percent body fat using demographics and anthropometrics have been published but external validation of these equations is limited. The objective of this study was to validate published equations that use anthropometrics for prediction of percent body fat using external data.MethodsData were from the Visceral Fat, Metabolic Rate, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk I (VIM I) Study and the Fels Longitudinal Study (Fels). VIM I was conducted in a subset of subjects from the CARDIA study and included black and white adults 28–40 years (n = 392). Fels consisted of white participants 8–88 years (n = 1,044). Percent body fat assessed by dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) in these two studies was compared to results calculated using 13 equations from Stevens et al. and nine other published equations.ResultsIn general, the Stevens equations performed better than equations from other studies. For example, equation “I“ in women in VIM I, Fels adults, and Fels youth, R2 estimates were 0.765, 0.757 and 0.789, respectively. In men the estimates were 0.702 in VIM I, 0.822 in Fels adults and 0.905 in Fels youth. None of the results from the nine published equations showed R2 this high in corresponding groups.ConclusionsOur results indicate that several of the Stevens equations have external validity superior to that of nine other published equations among varying age groups, genders and races.

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“…Wheelchair basketball and the protrusion of the wheelchair itself may increase arm muscle volume. DEXA has been shown to be an effective tool in the evaluation of wheelchair basketball players [20,30]. The assessment of body composition, LBM, BFP, and BMI showed that individuals with spinal cord disorders and frequent wheelchair use had considerable differences with respect to the arms and legs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Female Athlete Triad in Japanese Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players

et al. 2019

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Background and objectives: Para-sports have become increasingly competitive, necessitating greater physical activity; secondary disorder prevention is therefore crucial. Among secondary disorders, the female athlete triad (FAT) is defined as low energy availability (EA), menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density (BMD); although studied in able-bodied athletes, reports on female para-athletes are scarce. We retrospectively investigated the FAT in wheelchair basketball players in the Japanese national team. Materials and Methods: Thirteen female wheelchair basketball players (mean age: 28.9 ± 8.1 years) were enrolled. The medical history (underlying diseases, gynecological disorders, and stress fractures), athletic and sport-specific parameters (wheelchair basketball classification, and wheelchair usage conditions), hematological status (hemoglobin, iron, estradiol, progesterone, total P1NP, and TRACP-5b levels), nutritional status (total energy, protein, calcium, and iron intake), body composition (BMD and lean body mass (LBM)), and EA were assessed. Results: Two (15.4%) had pertinent gynecological histories and six (46.2%) had menstrual cycle disorders. Three (23.1%) experienced excessive menstrual flow and nine (69.2%) had menstrual pain. No stress fractures were reported. All laboratory data were within normal limits. Total energy and iron intakes based on age-specific requirements were 99.8% and 59.8%, respectively. Iron and hemoglobin levels correlated with menstrual flow (ρ = −0.63, p = 0.019 and ρ = −0.56, p = 0.046, respectively). The mean total BMD was 109.2%, and the mean EA (41.4 kcal/kg LBM) was lower than recommended levels. The leg BMD in spinal disorders was significantly lower than that in skeletal disorders (p = 0.003). The arm LBM was higher (150.6%) than that of age-matched controls. Conclusion: Among female wheelchair basketball players with FAT, the total BMD was comparable to that of age-matched controls; however, leg BMD in spinal disorders was significantly lower than that in skeletal disorders. Players with heavy menstrual flow had lower hemoglobin and iron levels. Further research is needed on the FAT to optimize health and sports performance among para-athletes.

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Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, Skinfold Thickness, and Waist Circumference for Assessing Body Composition in Ambulant and Non-Ambulant Wheelchair Games Players

Cited by 24 publications

References 30 publications

Body Composition in Swiss Elite Wheelchair Athletes

Body Composition in Swiss Elite Wheelchair Athletes

External Validation of Equations that Use Demographic and Anthropometric Measurements to Predict Percent Body Fat

Investigation of the Female Athlete Triad in Japanese Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players

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