Dual Function of Magnesium in Bone Biomineralization

Abstract

infections, and biochemical disorders could be addressed with a wide variety of bone substitutes or implants. [1] Bone is a mineralized composite of inorganic and organic units, mostly hydroxyapatite (HA) and type I collagen, respectively. [2] To mimic the nature of bone, scientists have researched several aspects of the biomaterials of bone substitutes or implants over the past decades, [3] and chemical composition of them is a primary consideration. Currently, magnesium (Mg 2+ ) and Mg 2+ alloys are gaining increasing research interest due to their promising merits, such as biodegradability, relatively slow corrosion rates, and suitable mechanical properties. [4] However, the osteoinductive effect of Mg 2+ alloys could not be directly determined due to complex alloy constituents, complicated surface modification technology, and intricate physiological microenvironments.A bone mineral precursor, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), could be fabricated with Mg 2+ ions, which act as an ACP phase stabilizer to maintain a noncrystal phase. [5] Mg 2+ could partially substitute Ca 2+ ions in the apatite structure and inhibit ACP transformation into HA. [5a] Chemically, it has been shown that Mg 2+ ions retard the crystallization of ACP and control the final aging of crystals. [5c] Moreover, Mg 2+ is considered the main intracellular antagonist of Ca 2+ . [6] Hence, there is an unreasonable paradox that Mg 2+ exerts its role during bone formation as an indispensable element due to its inhibitory effects on biomineralization, which were ignored by previous studies. [6,7] Thus, logically, Mg 2+ is proposed to have a complicated connection with osteogenesis.To answer this question derived from the field of regenerative and bioengineering medicine, the best approach is to investigate development, which could subsequently guide regeneration. [2,8] Mineralization development is a kind of complex chemical reaction among calcium (Ca 2+ ), phosphate (PO 4 3− ), Mg 2+ , and some amino acids. [2] Among the bones in vertebrates, the cranial bone is unique because it provides spaces, support, and protection for soft brain tissues, and has two different developmental mechanisms, namely, endochondral and intramembranous ossification. [9] Therefore, the development of the skull is a proper model. [10] Numerous studies have demonstrated that several kinds of factors play explicit roles during cranial development, [8,9,11] but which elements and how these elements influence the formation and mineralization of the skull, in particular, HA and type I collagen, are not well defined.Magnesium (Mg 2+ ), as a main component of bone, is widely applied to promote bone growth and regeneration. However, Mg 2+ can chemically inhibit the crystallization of amorphous calcium phosphate into hydroxyapatite (HA). The underlying mechanisms by which Mg 2+ improves bone biomineralization remain elusive. Here, it is demonstrated that Mg 2+ plays dual roles in bone biomineralization from a developmental perspective. During embryonic development, the Mg 2+ ...

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“…Studies have shown that magnesium is an essential element for HA cations in bone tissue and abnormal concentrations of magnesium ions cause alterations in the structure of HA. 69,70 More and more studies have shown that the effect of magnesium on bone metabolism was mainly reected in the activation of osteoblasts and inhibition of osteoclasts to promote osteogenic development and maintain the strength and density of bones at a certain concentration. 71,72 It has been proposed that 6-10 mM magnesium ions can improve osteogenic activity and differentiation, however, when the concentration of magnesium ions exceeded 18 mM, it had the opposite effects.…”