Dual‐Propelled Lanbiotic Based Janus Micromotors for Selective Inactivation of Bacterial Biofilms

Abstract

Graphene oxide/PtNPs/Fe2O3 “dual‐propelled” catalytic and fuel‐free rotary actuated magnetic Janus micromotors modified with the lanbiotic Nisin are used for highly selective capture/inactivation of gram‐positive bacteria units and biofilms. Specific interaction of Nisin with the Lipid II unit of Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria in connection with the enhanced micromotor movement and generated fluid flow result in a 2‐fold increase of the capture/killing ability (both in bubble and magnetic propulsion modes) as compared with free peptide and static counterparts. The high stability of Nisin along with the high towing force of the micromotors allow for efficient operation in untreated raw media (tap water, juice and serum) and even in blood and in flowing blood in magnetic mode. The high selectivity of the approach is illustrated by the dramatically lower interaction with gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia Coli). The double‐propulsion (catalytic or fuel‐free magnetic) mode of the micromotors and the high biocompatibility holds considerable promise to design micromotors with tailored lanbiotics that can response to the changes that make the bacteria resistant in a myriad of clinical, environmental remediation or food safety applications.

Photo‐Fenton Degradation of Nitroaromatic Explosives by Light‐Powered Hematite Microrobots: When Higher Speed Is Not What We Go For

“…[21,22] "Two-faced" Janus microrobots, consisting of a photocatalytic semiconductor asymmetrically covered by a metal layer, represent the most efficient light-powered microrobots. [23][24][25][26] These microrobots can move via the self-electrophoretic mechanism due to the asymmetric generation of charges under light irradiation, establishing a local electric field that induces their motion. [27] The metal layer plays a crucial role as it improves the charge separation at the semiconductor/metal interface, enhancing the microrobots' speed and photocatalytic properties.…”

Self‐Propelled Micro‐/Nanomotors as “On‐the‐Move” Platforms: Cleaners, Sensors, and Reactors

“…For instance, the integration of peptide antibiotics Nisin enabled the dual‐propelled GO/PtNPs/Fe 2 O 3 micromotors to specifically kill gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus . [ 127 ] Compared with free peptide and the static counterparts, the antibacterial micromotors showed a twofold increase of the killing ability (both in catalytic and magnetic actuated modes).…”

Enzyme‐Photocatalyst Tandem Microrobot Powered by Urea for Escherichia coli Biofilm Eradication

“…Among the diverse types of micro/nanorobots that have been investigated so far for biofilm removal belong to magnetotactic biohybrids, [ 9 ] and to catalytic, [ 10–12 ] thermophoretic, [ 13 ] magnetic, [ 14,15 ] and dual catalytic/magnetic micro/nanomachines. [ 16 ] In particular, light‐based technologies hold great promise for therapeutic approaches, due to the possibility of localized and controlled treatment in a non‐invasive way. Therefore, the development of hybrid photo‐biocatalytic micro/nanorobots that harvest biochemical energy from the environment for self‐propulsion with simultaneous release of highly reactive species represents an efficient and biocompatible strategy to remove biofilm‐based infections.…”

“…Among the diverse types of micro/nanorobots that have been investigated so far for biofilm removal belong to magnetotactic biohybrids, [9] and to catalytic, [10][11][12] thermophoretic, [13] magnetic, [14,15] and dual catalytic/ magnetic micro/nanomachines. [16] In particular, light-based technologies hold great promise for therapeutic approaches, Urinary-based infections affect millions of people worldwide. Such bacterial infections are mainly caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilm formation in the bladder and/or urinary catheters.…”