Dual‐Setting Calcium Phosphate Cement Modified with Ammonium Polyacrylate

Abstract

The term "Calcium Phosphate Cement" (CPC) was formerly introduced by Gruninger et al. (1), who state that this type of cement can be prepared by mixing a calcium phosphate salt with water or with an aqueous solution so that a paste is formed that can react at ambient or body temperatures to produce a precipitate containing one or more different calcium phosphates, and set by the entanglement of precipitated crystals.CPCs offer several advantages over conventional calcium phosphate bioceramics and acrylic bone cement that permit their use as bone graft and substitute, including moldability; minimum bone cavity; direct in vivo insertion; in situ setting; optimum boneimplant contact; and biocompatibility and bioactivity.Moreover, several substances such as antibiotics, antitumoral, or antinflammatory drugs can be easily added to CPCs generating drug delivery systems (2). The main disadvantage of CPCs is their low mechanical resistance, which in the best of cases is equal to that of trabecular bone, or to 20% of the cortical bone. The literature does not contain sound studies related to the increase of the mechanical strength of CPCs. CPCs with mechanical resistance close to that of human bones would have a considerably broader field of clinical applications, currently limited to some orthopedic and maxillofacial procedures.Driessens et al. developed a kind of CPC based on a-tricalcium phosphate (a-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) seeds, and an aqueous solution of Na 2 HPO 4 as mixing liquid. After mixing powder and liquid, a- Abstract: a-Tricalcium phosphate bone cement, as formerly designed and developed by Driessens et al., consists of a powder composed by a-tricalcium phosphate (a-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) seeds, and an aqueous solution of Na 2 HPO 4 as mixing liquid. After mixing powder and liquid, a-TCP dissolves into the liquid and calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), more insoluble than the former, precipitates as an entanglement of crystals, which causes the setting and hardening of the cement. a-TCP bone cement offers several advantages in comparison to calcium phosphate bioceramics and acrylic bone cements as bone graft and repairing material, like perfect adaptability to the defect size and shape, osteotransductibility, and absence of thermal effect during setting. The main handicap is its low mechanical strength. Therefore, approaching its mechanical strength to that of human bone could considerably extend its applications. In the present work, an in situ polymerization system based on acrylamide (AA) and ammonium polyacrylate (PA) as liquid reducer was added to a-TCP cement to increase its mechanical strength. The results showed that the addition of 20 wt% of acrylamide and 1 wt% AP to the liquid increased the compressive and tensile strength of a-TCP bone cement by 149 and 69% (55 and 21 MPa), respectively. The improvement in mechanical strength seems to be caused by a decrease of porosity and the reinforcing effect of a polyacrylamide network coexisting with the entanglement of CDHA crystals. The ...

Self-Setting Calcium Orthophosphate Formulations: Cements, Concretes, Pastes and Putties

“…% of acrylamide and 1 wt. % ammonium polyacrylate to the liquid increased the compressive and tensile strength of α-TCP bone cement by 149 and 69 % (55 and 21 MPa), respectively [447]. A positive influence of polyamide fibers [448] and bioactive glass [449] is also known.…”

Effects of sintering temperature on physical and compositional properties of α-tricalcium phosphate foam

“…The α-TCP powder dissolves into an aqueous solution and supplies Ca 2+ and PO4 3− readily, thus making α-TCP powder as the main component of choice for some apatite cements [13][14][15] . Therefore, by corollary, α-TCP foam may be useful as a bone substitute or scaffolding material in tissue engineering with relatively quick tissue regeneration.…”

Calcium phosphate cements based on alpha-tricalcium phosphate obtained by wet method: Synthesis and milling effects

“…After 2 h of milling the value obtained lies in the range described as required to obtain the calcium phosphate cements (r10 mm); however, in this case the cement was injectable [38]. Santos et al [39] obtained an average particle size of 8 mm after 5 h of milling. Both studies obtained the cement from solid state reaction of the reactants.…”