Dyadic Family Relations and Social Support

Formal and informal support: the great divide

“…However, when the elderly individual was widowed and lived far away from children, friends were much more likely to be involved. Johnson (1983) also found that when family members were not available, an increase in receipt of formal services occurred in a sample of posthospitalized patients who were`well o'. Thus, this shared-functioning' model also lends support to a substitution model.…”

“…Scott and Roberto (1985) observed patterns of informal and formal care among 571 rural elders using a social support network perspective. The authors found evidence for Johnson's (1983) model of shared functioning only for those elderly individuals who had the fewest socioeconomic resources. In this case, both family and formal services were utilized.…”

“…This is similar to Cantor's (1975) hierarchical model. On the other hand, Johnson's (1983)`sharedfunctioning' kinship model posits that no one family member is primarily responsible for care, rather the role of caring is shared among family members. Bass et al (1996) proposed a social support conceptual framework to understand the moderating eect of formal services on the negative outcomes for family caregivers.…”

“…This supports Cantor's (1975) hierarchical model, which suggests that care is usually provided by the closest and most available person, with friends and family being used as last resort. Similarly, Johnson's (1983) shared-functioning model believed that no one family member was responsible for care, rather the entire family shares the responsibility, and Shanas' (1979) model of kin substitution also falls under the kin independence category, as Shanas believed kin substituted for kin. Thus, the phenomenon of kin independence clearly needs clari®cation as to whether the informal caregiver is receiving additional informal support from family members and friends or is the sole provider of care.…”

Mantelzorg en etniciteit : etnische verschillen in de zorgattitude, zorgbereidheid en conflicthantering van mantelzorgers

“…Liefbroer en Mulder (2006) bevestigen dit laatste beeld met onderzoek naar familienormen onder Nederlandse ouderen, waar Nederlandse vrouwen de normen minder sterk onderschreven dan mannen. Omdat meerdere studies uitwijzen dat vrouwen een minder sterke zorgplicht rapporteren dan mannen is het opmerkelijk dat volwassen dochters vaker voor hun ouders zorgen dan volwassen zoons (Johnson 1983;Dwyer en Coward 1991;Stein et al 1998). Finch en Mason (1991) schrijven de grotere inzet van informele zorg bij vrouwen toe aan 'gegenderde biografieën'.…”