“…[3,4] Generally, improvements in overall PCE have focused on increasing the photovoltage through the modification of the oxide layer, improving the photocurrent with new dye molecules, and increasing the stability by controlling the cell configurations. [4,5] A transparent mesoporous TiO 2 nanoparticulate layer is a well-known photoanode material used in conventional DSSCs. However, the small size of TiO 2 nanoparticles (diameter ∼ 20 nm) makes this layer transparent to visible light, and thus weakly light scattering due to the small particle size.…”