Dysautonomia and Salmonellosis in an 11‐Year‐Old Female Llama (<i>Lama glama</i>)

Middleton, John R.; Johnson, Gayle C.; Pardo, Ingrid; Chigerwe, Munashe; O’Brien, Dennis P.

doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02846.x

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Entrapments occur when one or more of these structures move through the epiploic foramen, a mesenteric rent, a tight band formed by fibrous adhesions, or a defect in the body wall or diaphragm. [186][187][188] This may be a regional phenomenon or simply unrecognized in other places. 36,190 Any entrapment, as well as torsion of the mesenteric root of 360 degrees or greater ( Figure 40-50), may lead to strangulation of bowel.…”

Section: Specific Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disorders of the Digestive System

Cebra¹

2014

Llama and Alpaca Care

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Section: Specific Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disorders of the Digestive System

Cebra¹

2014

Llama and Alpaca Care

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“…In Missouri dogs, the incidence is approximately 1 case per 10,000 dogs per year 15 . It is noteworthy that this case, one of the previously reported llama cases 1 and the majority of US dog cases 11 originated from the same geographic region.…”

mentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Initial differential diagnoses included gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction or impaction, abdominal neoplasia, and dysautonomia. Clinical similarities to a llama previously diagnosed with dysautonomia 1 and other unreported cases in this hospital created a strong suspicion of dysautonomia in this animal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 63%

“…A previously reported llama with dysautonomia also had salmonellosis, 1 which might have been either a predisposing factor to dysautonomia caused by toxin production, secondary to dysautonomia because of decreased gut motility and clearance of bacteria, or simply coincidental. Dysautonomia is defined as “failure of the autonomic nervous system.” 8 Acute and subacute autonomic failure syndromes, as seen in this case, occur in several species, including horses (equine grass sickness), pony, donkey, zebra, cats (Key‐Gaskell syndrome), sheep (abomasal emptying defect), hares, rabbits, dogs, and llamas 1,9–12 . Chronic dysautonomias are inadequately documented in domestic animals, 8 with the exception of chronic equine grass sickness 4,13 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cats, the most common signs are dysphagia, regurgitation secondary to megaesophagus, mydriasis with absent pupillary light reflexes, prolapsed nictitating membrane, dry nasal mucosa often associated with sneezing, constipation, and decreased appetite, 17 whereas in dogs, dysuria, distended urinary bladder, mydriasis with absent pupillary light reflexes, and xerostomia are commonly seen 8 . In the 2 llamas diagnosed with dysautonomia, clinical signs included obstipation, distended urinary bladder, and mydriasis with absent pupillary light reflexes 1,9 . As this was a 2nd dysautonomic camelid that was observed by one of the coauthors (JWT) to exhibit severe distress during passage of oro‐esophageal tube, this clinical sign may be useful to increase the index of suspicion for this disease in camelids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Colonic Impaction Due to Dysautonomia in an Alpaca

Lewis

Bozynski

Johnson

et al. 2009

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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A 6-year-old male castrated alpaca weighing 87.3 kg was presented in early January to the University of Missouri, Food Animal Clinic with a history of anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, and obstipation of 6 days duration. The owner reported that the alpaca preferred to lay in lateral recumbency and was unwilling to cush. The alpaca shared a pasture of fescue and orchard grass with 2 intact male alpacas for the previous 5 years. All 3 alpacas were fed a grain mix (consisting of cracked corn, wheat, and oats), llama pellets, and free choice alfalfa hay. The hay was obtained locally, consisted of fescue and orchard grass, and was typically fed only during the winter. A heated, automatic waterer had been installed 2 years previously and was supplied by well water. The alpaca pasture had fenceline contact with 2 horses. There were no other changes in environment or management, and no other animals were reportedly affected.The alpaca was weak with generalized muscle tremors and was showing signs of lethargy. Gut sounds were absent, and abdominal ballottement and palpation were resented. On digital rectal palpation, hard dry fecal pellets were present and adhered to the rectal wall, with no evidence of mucous coating. Both of the alpaca's eyes were sunken and the ocular conjunctivae were bilaterally reddened. Skin fold relaxed within normal time limits (o 2 seconds). No signs of ataxia or cranial nerve deficits were noted. Pupils were normally dilated with an appropriate pupillary light response, and there was no evidence of ptosis. There was a small amount of foam around the mouth, which the owner had noticed before admission. Food material was present in the oral cavity and buccal pouches. The body condition score was 2.5/5 (3/5 considered optimal).Initial differential diagnoses included gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction or impaction, abdominal neoplasia, and dysautonomia. Clinical similarities to a llama previously diagnosed with dysautonomia 1 and other unreported cases in this hospital created a strong suspicion of dysautonomia in this animal.Initial treatment consisted of fluid therapy (Lactated Ringer's solution a at 360 mL/h); an enema (60 mL warm water with soap) was administered at the start of hospitalization, and again 6 hours later (without soap) when no defecation was detected. The alpaca was offered free choice hay and water, and was hospitalized overnight.There was hyperglycemia (495 mg/dL, reference range 76-176), hyponatremia (145 mEq/L, reference range 148-158), low total serum CO 2 concentration (total CO 2 of 17 mEq/L, reference range 24-34), and a stress leukogram (16,560 neutrophils/mL, reference range 4,600-16,000; lymphocytes 350/mL, reference range 1,000-7,500). There was a single Nematodirus sp. egg in feces, equivalent to 5 eggs/g of feces.There was no apparent improvement in clinical signs during the 2nd day of hospitalization. Dysphagia was observed in that the alpaca successfully prehended hay and attempted to drink, but water and masticated food either fell out of the alpaca's mouth or wer...

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Antimicrobial Drug Use in New World Camelids

Cebra¹,

Cebra²

2013

Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine

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Dysautonomia and Salmonellosis in an 11‐Year‐Old Female Llama (Lama glama)

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

Disorders of the Digestive System

Disorders of the Digestive System

Colonic Impaction Due to Dysautonomia in an Alpaca

Antimicrobial Drug Use in New World Camelids

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