Earliness Per Se by Temperature Interaction on Wheat Development

Abstract

Differences in time to heading that remain after photoperiod and vernalisation requirements have been saturated are classified as earliness per se ( Eps ) effects. It has been commonly assumed that Eps genes are purely constitutive and independent of environment, although the likely effect of temperature on Eps effects in hexaploid wheat has never been tested. We grew four near isogenic lines (NILs) for the Eps gene located in chromosome 1D ( Eps-D1 ) at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 °C. In line with expectations we found that lines carrying the Eps -late allele were always later than those with Eps -early alleles. But in addition, we reported for the first time that the magnitude of the effect increased with decreasing temperature: an Eps x temperature interaction in hexaploid wheat. Variation in heading time due to Eps x temperature was associated with an increase in sensitivity to temperature mainly during late reproductive phase. Moreover, we showed that Eps alleles exhibited differences in cardinal (base, optimum, maximum) temperatures and that the expression of ELF3 , (the likely candidate for Eps-D1 ) also interacted with temperature.

Temperature response of wheat affects final height and the timing of stem elongation under field conditions

“…Furthermore, ELF3 has been reported as a candidate gene for Eps1 in Triticum monococcum (Alvarez et al, 2016) as well as in wheat (Zikhali et al, 2016). A recent study in wheat showed an interaction between Eps-D1 and ambient temperature which corresponded to different expression of ELF3 (Ochagavía et al, 2019). In this study, we directly measured growth response to temperature during SE and found a significant MTA near ELF3 on chromosome 1B.…”

“…Following Ochagavía et al (2019), this indicates that growth response to temperature is connected to Eps-B1 which is homologue to Eps-D1. Furthermore, the reported temperature by Eps-D1 interaction effects on heading by Ochagavía et al (2019) are in agreement with the correlations found among growth response to temperature, GDD15, GDD95 and heading in the present study.…”

Resolving a QTL complex for height, heading, and grain yield on chromosome 3A in bread wheat

“…occurring without environmental interaction seemed unlikely. Indeed, we showed that EPS-5 4 2 D1 exhibits a strong interaction with temperature (Ochagavía et al, 2019) and it seems likely 5 4 3 that this is also the case the 3A Hd effect described here, that should probably be named EPS- Table S1. Expression level differences for predicted genes of whole 3A locus…”

Canopy hyperspectral characteristics and yield estimation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) under low temperature injury

“…Climate-smart management is still needed to further improve yields in the wheat-growing regions of China 37 . Moreover, it is well cited that both high and low temperature directly affect the growth and development of winter wheat [38][39][40][41] . In addition, low-temperature, www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ low-temperature duration and the interaction of low-temperature level and duration had significant negative effects on wheat physiological index, biochemical index and grain yield 42 .…”