“…These are the hoard of five daggers from eastern Kyrgyzstan (the Second Karakol Hoard, Karakol village; Vinnik and Kuz’mina 1981) and burials 425, 427, 443 of the Sopka 2/4B site (Baraba forest-steppe, southwestern Siberia; Molodin 1993, 2015). Earlier, the chronology of these daggers was based on their stylistic comparison with metal objects from various Bronze Age Siberian archaeological cultures (Elunino, Krotovo, Karasuk) and also with the ST metal complex, and was attributed to the first half (Molodin 1993; Parzinger 2000) or the end of the 2nd millennium BC (Chlenova 1976; Kiryushin and Grushin 2009; Papin and Fedoruk 2009; Kovtun 2013). Figure 3 Bronze daggers with figured handles from Sopka 2/4B burial ground and their analogies.…”
This paper discusses the chronology of burial grounds containing specific Seima-Turbino type bronze weaponry (spears, knives, and celts). The “transcultural” Seima-Turbino phenomenon relates to a wide distribution of specific objects found within the sites of different Bronze Age cultures in Eurasia, not immediately related to each other. The majority of the Seima-Turbino objects represent occasional findings, and they are rarely recovered from burial grounds. Here, we present a new set of14C dates from cemeteries in western Siberia, including the key Asian site Rostovka, with the largest number of graves containing Seima-Turbino objects. Currently, the presented database is the most extensive for the Seima-Turbino complexes. The resulting radiocarbon (14C) chronology for the western Siberian sites (22nd–20th centuries cal BC) is older than the existing chronology based on typological analysis (16th–15th centuries BC) and some earlier14C dates for the Seima-Turbino sites in eastern Europe. Another important aspect of this work is14C dating of complexes within specific bronze objects—daggers with figured handles—which some researchers have related to the Seima-Turbino type objects. These items are mostly represented by occasional finds in Central Asia, however, in western Siberia these have been recovered from burials, too. The14C dating attributes these daggers to the end of the 3rd millennium cal BC, suggesting their similar timing to the Seima-Turbino objects. Further research into freshwater reservoir offsets in the region is essential for a more reliable reconstruction of the chronology of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon and the daggers with figured handles.
“…These are the hoard of five daggers from eastern Kyrgyzstan (the Second Karakol Hoard, Karakol village; Vinnik and Kuz’mina 1981) and burials 425, 427, 443 of the Sopka 2/4B site (Baraba forest-steppe, southwestern Siberia; Molodin 1993, 2015). Earlier, the chronology of these daggers was based on their stylistic comparison with metal objects from various Bronze Age Siberian archaeological cultures (Elunino, Krotovo, Karasuk) and also with the ST metal complex, and was attributed to the first half (Molodin 1993; Parzinger 2000) or the end of the 2nd millennium BC (Chlenova 1976; Kiryushin and Grushin 2009; Papin and Fedoruk 2009; Kovtun 2013). Figure 3 Bronze daggers with figured handles from Sopka 2/4B burial ground and their analogies.…”
This paper discusses the chronology of burial grounds containing specific Seima-Turbino type bronze weaponry (spears, knives, and celts). The “transcultural” Seima-Turbino phenomenon relates to a wide distribution of specific objects found within the sites of different Bronze Age cultures in Eurasia, not immediately related to each other. The majority of the Seima-Turbino objects represent occasional findings, and they are rarely recovered from burial grounds. Here, we present a new set of14C dates from cemeteries in western Siberia, including the key Asian site Rostovka, with the largest number of graves containing Seima-Turbino objects. Currently, the presented database is the most extensive for the Seima-Turbino complexes. The resulting radiocarbon (14C) chronology for the western Siberian sites (22nd–20th centuries cal BC) is older than the existing chronology based on typological analysis (16th–15th centuries BC) and some earlier14C dates for the Seima-Turbino sites in eastern Europe. Another important aspect of this work is14C dating of complexes within specific bronze objects—daggers with figured handles—which some researchers have related to the Seima-Turbino type objects. These items are mostly represented by occasional finds in Central Asia, however, in western Siberia these have been recovered from burials, too. The14C dating attributes these daggers to the end of the 3rd millennium cal BC, suggesting their similar timing to the Seima-Turbino objects. Further research into freshwater reservoir offsets in the region is essential for a more reliable reconstruction of the chronology of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon and the daggers with figured handles.
“…Until the formation of the Afanasyevo Culture, the Altai Mountains were inhabited by Neolithic tribes and, apparently, the population of the Bolshoy Mys Culture attributed to the Eneolithic period (Kiryushin 1986). Both settlement layers and cemeteries have been explored.…”
This article provides a summary and in-depth analysis of all existing radiocarbon (14C) dates for the Afanasyevo Culture of the Paleometal period. The previous “long” chronology of the culture was widely criticized and contradicted many archaeological observations. The exceedingly wide ranges of the liquid scintillation counting (LSC) dates from bone samples produced in several laboratories and the systematically older ages for the wood/charcoal samples finally reveal the shortcomings of the conventional “long” chronology. From accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), the Afanasyevo burials of the Altai are dated to the 31st–29th century BC, whereas those of the Middle Yenisei Region to the 29th–25th century BC, which confirms the relatively earlier age of the Altai monuments. The “short” chronology removes the incompatibility of deriving the Afanasyevo Culture from the Yamnaya Culture, which previously appeared “younger” than the Afanasyevo, and also contradictions with the archaeological data. It also explains the small number of sites, the small size of the cemeteries and the lack of the internal periodization. We can now clearly move, from the earlier understanding that the Afanasyevo chronology is too broad, towards a different perception. The new AMS dates only represent a “core” for the Afanasyevo chronology, which cannot be narrowed down, but could be slightly expanded over time.
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