Early Development of the Gut Microbiome and Immune-Mediated Childhood Disorders

Abstract

The human gastrointestinal tract inhabits a complex microbial ecosystem that plays a vital role in host health through its contributions to nutrient synthesis and digestion, protection from pathogens, and promoting maturation of host innate and adapt immune systems. The development of gut microbiota primarily occurs during infancy and is influenced by multiple factors, including prenatal exposure; gestational age; mode of delivery; feeding type; pre-, pro-, and antibiotic use; and host genetics. In genetically susceptible individuals, changes in the gut microbiota induced by environmental factors may contribute to the development of immune-related disorders in childhood, including atopic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Pre- and probiotics may be useful in the prevention and treatment of some immune-related diseases by modulating gut microbiota and regulating host mucosal immune function. The review will discuss recent findings on the environmental factors that influence development of gut microbiota during infancy and its potential impact on some immune-related diseases in childhood. The use of pre- and probiotics for prevention and intervention of several important diseases in early life will also be reviewed.

Validation of a multi-analyte HPLC-DAD method for determination of uric acid, creatinine, homovanillic acid, niacinamide, hippuric acid, indole-3-acetic acid and 2-methylhippuric acid in human urine

“…In addition to CREA, the new method should also cover uric acid (UA), homovanillic acid (HVA), niacinamide (NA), hippuric acid (HA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as well as 2-methylhippuric acid (2-MHA). While urine CREA concentration is used for normalization of urine bio analysis results, the other analytes showed associations either to immune response (UA, NA), to external exposures such as toluene (HA) or xylene (2-MHA), to the gut microbiome (IAA, HA), to nutrition (UA,NA,HA) or the endogenous response to occurring mental stress (HVA) [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Even if not every single compound is necessarily associated to a single exposure (e.g., HA as biomarker for toluene, but also for phenolic food compounds) they all provide metabolomic marker for certain lifestyles (including nutrition, mental status, gut microbiome, and also exposures).…”

Changes in weight and body fat after use of tetracycline and Lactobacillus gasseri in rats

“…During the first years of life when respiratory infections most often occur, antibiotic use is more frequent and necessary (Razon et al, 2005;Del Fiol et al, 2013). However, the use of antibiotics in this age group is a great concern because the microbiotas are more susceptible to changes (dysbiosis) at this time (Li, Wang, Donovan 2014;Voreades, Kozil, Weir, 2014). Therefore, it is very important to understand that probiotics could provide protection against the adverse effects of antibiotics and protect the microflora of these children during antibacterial therapy.…”

Microbiome Revolution and Neonatology

“…Наприклад, народження шляхом кесарського розтину пов'язано з вищим ризиком численних захворювань у дитини (рис. 3), спектр яких є практично ідентичним пере-ліку проблем, яким можна принаймні частково за-побігти завдяки природному вигодовуванню [72]. Через три тижні після народження, профіль жирних кислот у бактеріальних клітинах фекальних зразків суттєво відрізняється у дітей залежно від майбут-нього розвитку атопії [73].…”