Early feeding of larger volumes of formula milk is associated with greater body weight or overweight in later infancy

Huang, Junmei; Zhang, Zhen; Wu, Yuanjue; Wang, Yan; Wang, Jing; Zhou, Li; Ni, Zemin; Hao, Liping; Yang, Nianhong; Yang, Xuefeng

doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0322-5

Cited by 39 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…We were not able to capture the quantity consumed or the regularity of milk consumption. Both could mediate the effect on child growth 25,26 . In addition, a 24 hour recall is not the optimal method to measure feeding practices and there is variability in daily feeding practices 18 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between milk consumption and child growth for children aged 6–59 months

Herber

Bogler

Subramanian

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Apart from high levels of energy, proteins, micro-and macronutrients, milk contains calcium and the insulin-like growth factor-1 that are of major relevance for children's development and growth. Using Demographic and Health Survey data between 1990 and 2017 with information on milk consumption and anthropometric measurements from all low-and middle-income countries available, we investigate whether milk consumption in childhood is associated with stunting, wasting, and underweight. We specify logistic regression models and adjust for a range of covariates and fixed effects on the primary sampling unit level. We analyze heterogeneity in the association by wealth quintiles and age groups and present country-specific estimates. The final samples for wasting, underweight and stunting include 668.463, 693.376, and 673.177 observations of children aged 6 to 59 months, respectively. Our results suggest that milk consumption is associated with a reduced probability of being underweight of 1.4 percentage points (95% confidence interval −0.02, −0.01) and a reduced probability of being stunted of 1.9 percentage points (95% confidence interval −0.02, −0.01). The association for wasting is not robust. the association is stronger for children from wealthier households, which might indicate that milk consumption is a proxy for better overall nutrition or socioeconomic status. Milk consumption in childhood has long been assumed to be beneficial for growth, resulting in the "milk hypothesis" suggested by Bogin 1. While children are ideally exclusively breastfed during the first six months of life, consumption of nonhuman milk after the age of six months may stimulate growth in the following years 2-4. This association may be due to the nutritious content of milk. Apart from high levels of energy, proteins and microand macronutrients, milk contains calcium and the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) that are of major relevance for children's development and growth 3,5. In one of the first studies on milk consumption and growth in 1928, Boyd Orr estimated an increase of 20% in height and weight for Scottish children aged 5 to 14 years who consumed milk in addition to their normal diet for seven months in comparison to children who did not 6. For low-and middle-income countries, few studies focusing on milk consumption and growth are available. Early studies from 1970 and 1977 found significant increases in weight and height for children consuming milk compared to a control group in a school milk intervention in New Guinea 7,8. More recent evidence comes from a number of RCTs in Kenya and Vietnam 9,10 and cross-sectional studies in Cambodia and Uganda 11,12. Recent studies that look at livestock ownership in Bangladesh and Kenya also assess the association between milk consumption and child growth 13,14. Although results in general point towards a positive effect of milk consumption on child growth, evidence remains mixed when looking at different indicators. For example, while Grillenberger et al. found significant changes for th...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between milk consumption and child growth for children aged 6–59 months

Herber

Bogler

Subramanian

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…This is the first study to show that formula intake increases the odds of slow weight gain compared to breastfeeding, although it was not associated with weight status at four months. Most prospective studies have found a positive association between formula feeding and rapid weight gain [13,14,15,33,34,35,36,37], showing a different pattern of weight gain by type of feeding. For example, the Darling study following 87 infants (46 breastfed and 41 formula fed) for 12 months showed similar WHL z-scores between breastfed and formula fed infants during the first four months, but then from the 5th to 18th month, WHL z-score was consistently higher among formula fed infants [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An analysis of 70,000 infants enrolled in the WIC Program found that obesity at age 4 was higher in infants fed only formula (25.9%) compared to those exclusively breastfed (19.8%) [12]. Additionally, very recent longitudinal studies have shown that infants fed formula during the first 3 months of life gain significantly more weight compared to breastfed infants at six or nine months of age [13,14,15]. Formula overfeeding (feeding above recommended guidelines by age) appears to also influence weight, since bottle-fed infants have less control over feeding volumes [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amount, Preparation and Type of Formula Consumed and Its Association with Weight Gain in Infants Participating in the WIC Program in Hawaii and Puerto Rico

et al. 2019

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The aim of this study was to assess the association between amount (below or above recommendations), preparation (liquid vs. powder), and type (regular vs. hydrolysate) of infant formula consumed and weight in infants participating in the Women, Infant and Children (WIC) Program in Hawaii (HI) and Puerto Rico (PR). This was a secondary analysis of 162 caregivers with healthy term 0–2-month-old infants. Socio-demographics, infant food frequency questionnaires, and weight and length were assessed at baseline and after four months. Infant feeding practices were associated with weight-for-length z-scores using multivariable logistic regression. In total, 37.7% were exclusively breastfed and 27.2% were exclusively formula-fed. Among formula users, regular (63.6%) and powder (87.0%) formula were the most common; 43.2% consumed formula above recommendations. Most infants had rapid weight gain (61.1%). Infants fed regular formula had higher odds of overweight after four months (adjusted OR = 8.77, 95% CI: 1.81–42.6) and higher odds of rapid weight gain (adjusted OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.12, 8.61). Those exclusively formula fed had higher odds of slow weight gain (adjusted OR = 4.07, 95% CI: 1.17–14.2). Formula preparation and amount of formula were not associated with weight. These results could inform the WIC program’s nutrition education messages on infant feeding. Studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm these results.

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“…where Fi is the milk consumption of the applicable consumption rates of milk (kg/day), which was chosen based on the data of consumption supplied by WHO [30]. It was found that the consumption of milk for children that are 1-3 years old (14 kg), 4-6 years old (21 kg) and 7-10 years old (32 kg) was nearly 750, 483 and 500 mL/day, respectively [31,32]. The Ci (concentration of BaP), ∑7PAHs and ∑13PAHs are summarized in Table 5.…”

Section: Edi Expressed In Mg/daymentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Health Hazards of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Egyptian Milk and Dairy-Based Products

et al. 2018

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In a market-basket study conducted in Cairo, Egypt, the most commonly consumed milk products were sampled and the contents of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer detector. The obtained data showed that the total amount of 13 PAHs was within the range of 1.3–8.2 µg/g. The results proved that the, highest mean levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in powdered milk (8.2 μg/g) followed by ultra-heat treatment milk and milk beverages (6.07 μg/g). The lowest level was detected in unsmoked cheese and yogurt (1.3 μg/g). Estimated daily intake (EDI) was used to estimate the carcinogenic risk. The total mean estimated daily intake for children in different age categories (1–10 years) was calculated with respect to benzo[a]pyrene, which ranged from 0.058 to 0.31 mg/day. The total mean value of EDI for the sum of seven carcinogenic PAHs in terms of benzo[a]pyrene ranged from 0.61 to 1.22 mg/day in all age categories. These results were higher than the critical limit set by the European Food Safety Authority. Therefore, there should be concerns regarding the effects of the consumption of different milk products on the local population.

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Early feeding of larger volumes of formula milk is associated with greater body weight or overweight in later infancy

Cited by 39 publications

References 34 publications

Association between milk consumption and child growth for children aged 6–59 months

Association between milk consumption and child growth for children aged 6–59 months

Amount, Preparation and Type of Formula Consumed and Its Association with Weight Gain in Infants Participating in the WIC Program in Hawaii and Puerto Rico

Distribution and Health Hazards of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Egyptian Milk and Dairy-Based Products

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