Early Onset and Late Onset of Neonatal Sepsis in a Tertiary Hospital, South-South, Nigeria

Abstract

<jats:p>Aims: The study was carried out to determine organisms present during early onset of neonatal sepsis (EONNS), late onset of neonatal sepsis (LONNS) and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.&#x0D; Methodology: This study is a retrospective evaluation of 453 neonatal blood cultures. Two (2) ml of blood from these neonates was cultured in thioglycollate broth and tryptone soya broth. This was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria between January-December 2007.&#x0D; Results: Out of 453, 272(60.0%) neonates showed negative blood cultures, while 181(40.0%) neonates had positive bacterial cultures and 2 neonates (0.4%) were positive for Candida albicans. Overall, Klebsiella spp. was the most common pathogen, accounting for (37.8%) of the total isolates. Others were as follows; Staphylococcus aureus (28.4%), Escherichia coli (11.8%), unclassified coliforms 8.3%, Pseudomonas spp. 4.9%, Enterococcus spp. (2.9%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CONS) (2.5%) and Proteus spp. (3.4%). Early onset neonatal sepsis (EONNS) and late onset neonatal sepsis (LONNS) had Klebsiella spp and Staphylococcus aureus as their common causes of neonatal sepsis respectively. Klebsiella spp. was susceptible to spafloxacin (87.0%) followed by ofloxacin (82.0%), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (79.0%) and ceftazidime (65.0%) among the Gram-negative organisms. In the category of Gram-positive organisms, Staphylococcus aureus is highly sensitive to ofloxacin (81.0%) followed by spafloxacin (79.0%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (71.0%).&#x0D; Conclusion: A viable antibiotic susceptibility surveillance programme coupled with good infection control practices and rational antibiotics use will reduce infection rate, ensure better therapeutic success and prolong the efficacy of available antimicrobials.</jats:p>

Neonatal Sepsis in Nigeria 1: Introductory Overview

“…In Nigeria as with other countries, the most common cause of EOS is Group B Streptococcus (GBS), followed by Escherichia Coli isolated in onefourth of episodes [8]. The remaining causes of EOS are caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulas-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), and other gram-negative bacteria amongst others [9,10].…”

“…Furthermore, in both Nigeria and developing countries, klebsiella sp, E. Coli, and Staphylococcus aureus as well as GBS also constitute the most common nosocomial neonatal sepsis [11][12][13]. Some maternal factors associated with EOS include; maternal GBS colonization (if untreated before labour), rupture of membranes, maternal urinary tract infection, poor prenatal care, poor maternal nutrition amongst others [9,14,15]; while LOS causes include hospital procedures such as venous catheterization and healthcare professionals' noncompliance to aspeti principles [14,16,17]. Hence, continuous education and monitoring of healthcare staff on hospital acquired infection and necessary compliance is part of infectious disease control in the neonatal intensive care units [13].…”

The Relationship between Accurate Use of Antibiotics and Clinical Improvement of Sepsis in Neonates Using the Gyssens Method in the Perinatology Ward of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang Indonesia

“…Empirical antibiotic therapy should be initiated immediately if sepsis is suspected, followed by culture and sensitivity studies. 2 Antibiotics are the most commonly used drugs.…”