Echocardiography and Direct Arterial Blood Pressure Measurement in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) During Two Phases of an Anesthetic Protocol

Ashley, Anthony L.; Smith, Christopher K.; Köster, Liza S.; Mulreany, Lauren M.; Cushing, Andrew C.

doi:10.1638/2020-0022

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 30 publications

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“…In great apes, most BP measurements are taken during anesthetic events, but these measurements are unlikely to reflect awake BP due to the effect of anesthetic agents on the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, BP can be profoundly affected by diurnal, temporal, and situational fluctuations (Ashley et al, 2021; Juraschek et al, 2020), and examinations of apes under anesthesia may occur infrequently. Non‐anesthetized, ambulatory BPs would therefore provide a more representative measurement of resting BP in bonobos and other apes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood pressure monitoring in zoologically managed bonobos (Pan paniscus)

Danforth¹,

Clyde²,

Jourdan³

et al. 2023

American J Primatol

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In response to the growing evidence that hypertension may play a significant role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in bonobos, the Great Ape Heart Project established a finger blood pressure (BP) monitoring protocol for zoo-housed bonobos. The ability to monitor BP without the use of anesthesia provides more opportunities to detect potential hypertension in its early stages allowing for therapeutic intervention that may slow the progression of CVD. No BP reference ranges exist for bonobos due to the lack of an established protocol, the difficulty of measuring BP in animals, and small sample size of zoo-housed bonobos. By working with all 8 institutions in North America that care for bonobos, it was possible to (1) investigate the feasibility of using finger BP devices, and (2) establish BP trends for male and female bonobos. Data were collected from May 2016 to March 2019.Zoos were asked to train for and collect BP measurements from any bonobos willing to participate, regardless of age, sex, or health status as well as to report on the quality of the training and measurements obtained. At the start of the study, the North American bonobo population consisted of 74 bonobos ages 5 years and older at 8 institutions. All 8 institutions submitted at total of 3656 BP readings from 50 bonobos (n = 23 females, n = 27 males; ages 5−51 years) representing 67.57% of the trainable population ages 5 years and older. Of the readings submitted, 2845 were determined to be good quality, reliable BP readings (77.81% useful BP measurements) for 36 of the 50 adult bonobos submitted for this study (59.01% of the adult population ages 10−51 years) but showed limitations in the protocol for the younger population. BP trend analysis showed significant differences between bonobos that were not on medication versus those treated with cardiac medications, with those on cardiac mediations having significantly higher systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, and mean arterial pressure (p ≤ 0.001 for all comparisons). Systolic BP generally increased over age classes (10−19, 20−29, 30−39, 40+ years).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood pressure monitoring in zoologically managed bonobos (Pan paniscus)

Danforth¹,

Clyde²,

Jourdan³

et al. 2023

American J Primatol

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Agreement between oscillometric and direct blood pressure measurements in anesthetized captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Smith

Ashley

Zhu

et al. 2021

ajvr

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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the level of agreement (LOA) between direct and oscillometric blood pressure (BP) measurements and the ability of oscillometric measurements to accurately detect hypotension in anesthetized chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). ANIMALS 8 captive, adult chimpanzees. PROCEDURES During prescheduled annual examinations, each chimpanzee underwent general anesthesia and patient monitoring for their examination, echocardiography for a concurrent study, and measurement of direct BP with the use of tibial artery catheterization and oscillometry with the use of a cuff placed around a brachium and a cuff placed around the second digit of the contralateral forelimb for the present study. Bland-Altman plots were generated to compare results for direct and oscillometric BP measurements. Mean bias and 95% LOAs were calculated for oscillometric measurements of systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) for each cuff site. Sensitivity and specificity in detecting hypotension were also determined for each cuff site. RESULTS There were 74 paired direct and brachial oscillometric measurements of each, SAP, MAP, and DAP and 66 paired direct and digit oscillometric measurements of each, SAP, MAP, and DAP. Only brachial oscillometric measurements of MAP had adequate sensitivity (78%) and specificity (95%) to accurately detect hypotension, and this technique also had the least mean bias (0.8 mm Hg; 95% LOA, –29 to 31 mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that brachial oscillometric measurement of MAP provided reasonable agreement with tibial arterial direct MAP measurement and performed well in diagnosing hypotension in anesthetized chimpanzees.

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Heart morphology and function evaluation by transthoracic echocardiography in six captive crested gibbons (Nomascus spp.)

Vonfeld,

Nowakowski,

Lefaux

et al. 2024

primatologie

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Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in captive apes. Transthoracic echocardiography is the most comprehensive cardiovascular imaging technique used to diagnose and monitor cardiopathies in mammals. However, there are currently no baseline data of heart morphology and function in hylobatid primates. Conventional transthoracic echocardiograms were performed on six clinically healthy crested gibbons of three species (Nomascus siki, N. leucogenys and N. gabriellae) under general anesthesia using sevoflurane without premedication. Each echocardiogram included the evaluation of 11 variables in bidimensional mode, 8 variables in M-Mode and 6 variables in Doppler mode. Most functional parameters evaluated, like left ventricular ejection fraction (range, 49.3 to 72.4%), shortening fraction (SF; range, 18.9 to 34.5%), left atrium/aorta ratio (range, 0.8 to 1.2), and maximal velocity of aortic, pulmonic, and mitral flows had similar values as those described in gorillas, dogs, and humans. Valvular insufficiencies were detected in two of the six individuals evaluated: one adult female N. siki was diagnosed with a discrete aortic regurgitation and one young male N. leucogenys with a mild mitral valve insufficiency. The mitral valve regurgitation was associated with a low-grade systolic heart murmur, but no further morphological changes of heart chambers were identified in these animals. Finally, a decreased heart contractility (SF = 18.9%) was diagnosed in one female N. gabriellae. This study is the first database transthoracic echocardiography in gibbons undergoing general anesthesia.

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Echocardiography and Direct Arterial Blood Pressure Measurement in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) During Two Phases of an Anesthetic Protocol

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Blood pressure monitoring in zoologically managed bonobos (Pan paniscus)

Blood pressure monitoring in zoologically managed bonobos (Pan paniscus)

Agreement between oscillometric and direct blood pressure measurements in anesthetized captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Heart morphology and function evaluation by transthoracic echocardiography in six captive crested gibbons (Nomascus spp.)

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