“…While there have been a large number of life cycle assessments published regarding poultry production ( de Vries and de Boer, 2010 ; Lesschen et al, 2011 ; MEDA et al, 2011 ; FAO, 2013 ; Prudêncio da Silva et al, 2014 ; Benavides et al, 2020 ; Costantini et al, 2021 ; Bos et al, 2022 ; Kiss et al, 2022a , b ; Mostert et al, 2022 ; Yayli and Kilic, 2023 ; Zisis et al, 2023 ), only a few of them analyze the U.S. commercial industry ( Pelletier, 2008 ; Putman et al, 2017 ; Thoma, 2021 ) and those that include corresponding economic impacts (i.e., TEA) are for other countries ( Heidari et al, 2011 ; Castellini et al, 2012 ). Similarly, while there have been economic assessments presented for broiler production ( Heien, 1976 ; Sheppard, 2004 ; Firdaus and Komalasari, 2010 ; AL-Sharafat and Al-fawwaz, 2013 ; Udo et al, 2017 ; van Horne, 2020 ), few are applicable to the U.S. commercial industry. One challenge with analyzing the U.S. broiler industry, which is addressed in this study, is the unique arrangement between the ∼20 large poultry companies that account for >95% of broiler production ( MacDonald, 2014 ) (Integrators) and the small producers who are contracted to raise the birds (Growers).…”