Economic Benefits to Foreigners Visiting Morocco Accruing from the Rehabilitation of the Fes Medina

Assessing the economic values of World Heritage Sites and the effects of perceived authenticity on their values

“…Previous studies have estimated values of WHSs (Carson, Mitchell, & Conaway, 2002;Maddison & Mourato, 2001;Tuan & Navrud, 2008), popular cultural institutions (Hansen, 1997;Santagata & Signorello, 2000), and local cultural or historic heritage sites (Mazzanti, 2002;Mourato, Kontoleon, & Danchev, 2002). For example, Santagata and Signorello (2000) A revealed preference method is another way to estimate the value of nonmarket goods and services, and the travel cost method (TCM) is one of the most widely used revealed preference methods.…”

Demand for the Quality Conservation of Venice, Italy, According to Different Nationalities

“…With regards to cultural and historical cities, recognized as heritage sites by UNESCO, we found only one published CVM study by Carson et al (2002) about the city of Fes Medina in Morocco, one of the largest medieval cities in the world. Fes is an important religious centre for the Islamic world.…”

Trajectories of Development: International Heritage Management of Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa

“…The project was forecasted to generate 10,000 jobs (Cernea 2001a, b), but these are mainly temporary, informal construction jobs (Serageldin 2001:242). While World Heritage designation of a site or city draws increasing attention from tourists (Ashworth and Turnbridge 1990; Carson et al 2002;Drost 1996), according to Serageldin ''the population is very conservative, and their absorptive capacity for foreign visitors is quite limited'' (2001:238-239; 2004:53), and she characterizes the project as focused on the residents, not tourists. Yet Fez has a long history of tourism, developed in and inherited from colonialism, during which the decay of the medina was encouraged so as to more perfectly reflect, in the colonial imagination, its medieval origins (Porter 2000).…”

“…Such decentralized and internalized techniques work as indirect mechanisms for transnational control over resources, finances, and social policy, via the production of 'expert' knowledge, particularly in the field of environmental management, and its offshoot heritage management (Agrawal 2005;Byrne 1991;Caffyn and Jobbins 2003;Goldman 2001aGoldman , b, 2005Heynen et al 2007;Mehta 2001;Mitchell 2002; Moore 2001). Good governance, according to Bush (2007:xiv), is a red herring, drawing attention away from the fact that poverty is generated from difficulty accessing and controlling resources.…”

“…While these are certainly important arenas for archaeological discussion, the multiplicity of intersections between archaeology and its material work in the world falls through the cracks of these standard discourses on the economics of archaeology. Circumscribing the discourse in this way contributes to the appropriation of material heritage through avenues falling outside these discourses: such as, for example, the profits of 'enclave' heritage tourism being funneled out of communities to international corporations (Meskell 2005;Mitchell 1995), the emphasis on nonmaterial 'universal' aspects of archaeology such as identity and rights at World Heritage sites so as to mystify the appropriation of property rights (Lafrenz Samuels 2008a), and heritage policy interventions of international organizations that reproduce the status quo of global structural inequalities through appeals to expertise (Cassarino 2004;Harvey 2005;Hibou 2004;Mitchell 2002;Pyburn 2008).…”