Economic sizing of a hybrid (PV–WT–FC) renewable energy system (HRES) for stand-alone usages by an optimization-simulation model: Case study of Iran

Abstract

Hybrid renewable energy systems, combining various kinds of technologies, have shown relatively high capabilities to solve reliability problems and have reduced cost challenges. The use of hybrid electricity generation/storage technologies as off-grid stand-alone systems is reasonable to overcome related shortcomings. Solar and wind energy are two rapidly emerging renewable ones that have precedence in comparison to the other kinds. In this regard, the present paper studies four specific locations in Iran, which are candidates for research centers. Based on the solar radiation and average wind speed maps, techno-economically optimized systems are designed by simulating behavior of various combinations of renewable energy systems with different sizing, including wind turbine (WT), photovoltaic (PV), Fuel cell (FC), and battery banks. According to the results obtained by a computer program, it is concluded that the hybrid systems including WT and PV with battery backup are less costly compared to the other systems.Moreover, we found that among non-hybrid systems, in most regions of Iran's territory PVs are more economical than WTs. Despite of its advantages, FC has not been applied in the optimal systems due to its high initial cost and its low replacement life. NomenclatureP PV : PV system output power β PV cell Temperature coefficient of efficiency I T : Solar radiation T c Average PV cell temperature η: PV system efficiency BV Battery Voltage A PV : The area of PV panel PE The primary stored energy in battery η pc: PV Auxiliary equipment Efficiency T a Ambient temperature η ec: PV module efficiency NOCT Normal operation cell temperature η r Rated PV module efficiency T a,NOCT Ambient temperature of NOCT

Optimal Sizing and Control Strategy of renewable hybrid systems PV-Diesel Generator-Battery: application to the case of Djanet city of Algeria

“…The value of CB (t) could not be lower than minimum allowable energy level remained in battery banks, and it could not be higher than maximum allowable energy level during charging operations as follow [8,13]:     Whenever battery banks are fail to supply the remained power or the strategy does not allow for the battery banks to discharge, then diesel generator is started and battery banks will be neither charged.…”

“…In 2007 Yang developed a novel optimization sizing model for hybrid solar-wind power generation system [7]. In 2016 R. Hosseinalizadeh et al presented an economic sizing of a hybrid (PV-WT-FC) renewable energy system (HRES) for stand-alone usages by an optimizationsimulation model: Case study of Iran [8]. In 2015 B. Guinot developed a Techno-economic study of a PV-hydrogen-battery hybrid system for off-grid power supply: Impact of performances' ageing on optimal system sizing and competitiveness [9].…”

Review of the Optimal Design on a Hybrid Renewable Energy System

“…Reference [29] modeled an optimal design of a PV/battery/micro-turbine hybrid energy system to supply power to remote communities by using genetic algorithm, in which the objective function minimizes the cost of energy production while covering the load demand with a specified value for the loss of load probability. Reference [30] designed techno-economically optimized systems by simulating behavior of various combinations of renewable energy systems with different sizing, including wind turbine (WT), photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC), and battery banks.…”

Structure Optimization of Stand-Alone Renewable Power Systems Based on Multi Object Function

“…Photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind turbines (WTs) are being employed worldwide to contribute to meeting electrical power demand. The problem with single renewable energy systems is unreliability due to their dependence on environmental conditions [2]. To address this issue, renewable energy sources are combined (e.g., battery and diesel generator (DG)) to provide continuous electrical power and improve the overall reliability of the system.…”

“…For the improved reliability of hybrid systems, the optimal design of the size of each component is one of the most important issues in stand-alone hybrid system. In recent years, optimal sizing methods for hybrid systems based on probabilistic, analytical, and heuristic methods have been studied [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”