“…Participant citizenship should be one of the competency profiles of graduates in higher education. This profile contains five fundamental foundations, namely (i) communication between citizens to formulate public goals, (ii) tolerance and acceptance of pluralism, (iii) the existence of consensus through democratic procedures, (iv) the existence of civic awareness, and (v) citizen participation in governing organizations (Sztompka, 1999). These five bases are attributes of nationalism (Kamenka, 1975;Kahin, 1995;Jaffrelot, 2003;Davidov, 2003) which reflect social tolerance (Zanakis, Newburry & Taras, 2016), social integration (Ferguson, 2008;UNRISD, 1994), social justice (Venieris, 2013), social awareness (La Rocca, 2017) and recognition of pluralism (Calhoun, 1993;Liddle, 1970).…”