Educational Disparities in AIDS-affected Communities: Does Orphanhood Confer Unique Vulnerability?

Kidman, Rachel; Hanley, James A.; Foster, Geoff; Subramanian, S. V.; Heymann, S. Jody

doi:10.1080/00220388.2011.604412

Cited by 14 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…With some exceptions (Deininger et al 2003; Lindblade et al 2003), the literature finds negative consequences of orphanhood across a variety of domains. Orphans have higher morbidity (Ainsworth and Semali 2000; Birdthistle et al 2008), higher mortality (Clark et al 2013; Nakiyingi et al 2003), worse educational outcomes (Ardington and Leibbrandt 2010; Beegle et al 2010a, b; Case and Ardington 2006; Case et al 2004; Evans and Miguel 2007; Kidman et al 2012), earlier sexual debut (Palermo and Peterman 2009), and a higher likelihood of migrating (Ford and Hosegood 2005; Madhavan et al 2012) than their counterparts with living parents. Beyond orphanhood, an emerging literature investigates the consequences of marriage-related absence for children, with recent findings indicating that children of divorced mothers have higher mortality (Clark and Hamplová 2013) and lower school enrollment (Chae 2013) than children of married mothers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Risk of Parental Absence in Tanzania

Gaydosh

2015

Demography

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Although parents might not live with their children for a variety of reasons, existing accounts of parental absence often examine one cause in isolation. Using detailed longitudinal demographic surveillance data from Rufiji, Tanzania, this article examines parental absence due to death, migration, child relocation, union dissolution, and union formation from 2001–2011. Employing survival analysis, the article quantifies children’s risk of absence by cause and investigates sociodemographic variation in this risk. Of children born into two-parent households, 25 % experience maternal absence by age 10, and 40 % experience paternal absence by the same age. Roughly one-quarter of children are born into single-mother families with an absent father at birth, and nearly 70 % of these children experience maternal absence as well by age 10. Despite the emphasis on orphanhood in the research and policy communities, parental death is the least common cause of absence. Furthermore, although demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are strong predictors of absence, variation in these relationships across causes underscores the distinctiveness and similarity of different reasons for absence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Risk of Parental Absence in Tanzania

Gaydosh

2015

Demography

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“…Using DHS and other survey data for Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, earlier research shows that orphans are a grade level behind non-orphans (Bicego et al 2003;Guo et al 2012;Kidman et al 2012). Net of household wealth, the risk of being behind is greater for paternal and double orphans than maternal orphans and non-orphans (Bicego et al 2003;Case et al 2004;Bennell 2005;Parikh et al 2007).…”

Section: Prior Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maternal orphans may have difficulty accessing education or completing school because their fathers neglect to pay their school fees and/or their stepmothers (if present) favor their own biological children (if any) (Nyambedha et al 2003;Nyamukapa and Gregson, 2005;Kidman et al 2012). Paternal orphans may experience deterioration in schooling because in many sub-Saharan African countries the father is responsible for paying school fees (Nyambedha et al 2003;Guo et al 2012).…”

Section: Prior Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maternal, paternal, and double orphanhood has different consequences for educational outcomes (Guo et al 2012;Kidman et al 2012). Maternal orphans may have difficulty accessing education or completing school because their fathers neglect to pay their school fees and/or their stepmothers (if present) favor their own biological children (if any) (Nyambedha et al 2003;Nyamukapa and Gregson, 2005;Kidman et al 2012).…”

Section: Prior Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Orphan status, school attendance, and relationship to household head in Nigeria

Kazeem¹,

Jensen²

2017

DemRes

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“…An association between orphanhood and sexual victimization has not been definitively established, however, with a recent meta-analysis citing poor methodological quality as one explanation for the ambiguity [9]. Moreover, while the above mechanisms are largely untested, others do not withstand basic critique: while some orphans demonstrate lower socioeconomic status [e.g., 10 11], evidence suggests that higher socioeconomic groups are most vulnerable to HIV in Africa [12–16]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are adolescent orphans more likely to be HIV-positive? A pooled data analyses across 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa

Kidman

Anglewicz

2016

J Epidemiol Community Health

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Background Despite extensive resources and numerous programs directed towards orphans in sub-Saharan Africa, evidence of their disadvantage is surprisingly limited. While initial research suggests that orphans are at greater risk of being HIV-positive, the evidence suffers from important methodological and geographic limitations. Methods To rigorously test disparities in HIV prevalence related to orphanhood and parental HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa, we used Demographic and Health Survey data from 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted pooled multilevel logistic regression on adolescents aged 15–17 with HIV test results (N=22,837 girls and 20,452 boys). Results Regardless of their gender, orphans who lost their mother, lost both parents or had an HIV-infected mother were two to three times more likely to test positive for HIV infection (ORs 1.87–3.17). The loss of a father was also associated with HIV infection risk for females, but of slightly lower magnitude (OR 1.63). Conclusion To better inform interventions, future research is needed to quantify the relative contribution of perinatally- and sexually-acquired infections, and to investigate the specific mechanisms that may account for disparities in the latter. In the meantime, programs serving HIV-infect adults as well as those serving orphaned and vulnerable children should invest in family-based HIV testing in order to identify adolescents in need of treatment.

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Educational Disparities in AIDS-affected Communities: Does Orphanhood Confer Unique Vulnerability?

Cited by 14 publications

References 53 publications

Childhood Risk of Parental Absence in Tanzania

Childhood Risk of Parental Absence in Tanzania

Orphan status, school attendance, and relationship to household head in Nigeria

Are adolescent orphans more likely to be HIV-positive? A pooled data analyses across 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa

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