Effect of a novel adsorbent on cytokine responsiveness to uremic plasma

Abstract

The sorbent beads removed uremic solute(s) that prime monocytes to enhanced cytokine production. Removal of beta2M was efficient, and of native and AGE-modified middle molecules likely.

Serum-Free Medium Enhances the Immunosuppressive and Antifibrotic Abilities of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Utilized in Experimental Renal Fibrosis

“…HK‐2 cells (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) and THP‐1 cells (Riken BRC) were maintained as described previously . After the starvation of HK‐2 cells with SF‐hMSC‐CM (with or without TSG‐6 siRNA transfection), 10%hMSC‐CM, or serum‐free DMEM for 24 hours, the cells were exposed to 1 μM human angiotensin‐II (Ang‐II; Sigma–Aldrich) for 12 hours, 5 ng/ml recombinant human TGF‐β1 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) for 12 hours, or 10 ng/ml TGF‐β1 for 1 hours or 48 hours.…”

Dialysis desiderata*

“…Similarly, a styrene polymer with an enhanced proportion of mesopores in the range 2 to 20 nm adsorbs high proportions of LMWPs in vitro and in vivo 30 . Experimentally, in man this polymer is capable of removing β2M, angiogenin, retinol‐binding protein, and interleukin‐18, 31 supported by in vitro reduction in monocyte‐derived cytokine production 32 and NF‐κB activation compared with blood contact with cellulosic or polysulfone membranes 33 …”

Assessment of the Stability of an Immunoadsorbent for the Extracorporeal Removal of Beta-2-Microglobulin from Blood

“…These approaches are based on biologically specifi c and nonspecifi c techniques. Biologically specifi c techniques are primarily based on immunoadsorption columns, which provide a high affi nity and specifi city for the targeted molecule of interest [10][11][12][13][14][15] . Unfortunately, these columns are still in experimental stages and have not been pursued in the clinical setting likely due to cost and stability issues.…”

“…Unfortunately, these columns are still in experimental stages and have not been pursued in the clinical setting likely due to cost and stability issues. Current clinical approaches to target and remove elevated levels of ␤ 2 m from the plasma are based on non-specifi c techniques such as size exclusion (for dialysis membranes used in high-fl ux hemodialysis, hemofi ltration, hemodiafi ltration) [4,[16][17][18][19][20][21] and hydrophobic adsorption in the case of hemoadsorption columns and some synthetic dialysis membranes [10][11][12][13][14][15][22][23][24][25][26][27] . These techniques not only remove ␤ 2 m from the plasma, but also remove other molecules with similar molecular weight and/or hydrophobicity, which complicate elucidating any symptomatic relief observed in the patients.…”

“…This adsorbent column is based on proprietary hyper cross-linked styrene divinylbenzene co-polymer beads. The bead's pore size (2-20 Å) is suffi cient to remove molecules in the molecular weight range of 0.3-15.0 kDa [28][29][30] , a range which includes a broad spectrum of so called middle molecular weight toxins [11,26,27,31,32] . In August 2002, the device was entered into clinical trials in the USA.…”