“…In contrast, the barriers for Na diffusing in the interface regions are higher because of the repulsion between Na and PANI. Nonetheless, these values are still comparable to those obtained on other hybrid 2D systems [46,47], suggesting that the formed M/P composites could afford fast charging/discharging rates as SIB electrodes. This conjecture can also be supported by the estimated diffusion coefficient according to D = A 2 v * exp (−∆E/K B T), where a, v, ∆E, K B and T are the distance between the two nearest neighboring sites, the hopping frequency (∼10 13 Hz), the diffusion barrier, the Boltzmann constant, and temperature (300 K), respectively.…”