Effect of Experimental Fluorosis on the Surface Topography of Developing Enamel Crystals

Kirkham, Jennifer; Brookes, Steven J.; Zhang, J; Wood, Wood; Rc, Shore; Da, Smith; Ml, Wallwork; Robinson, C.

doi:10.1159/000047431

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…That these represent crystal forerunners was supported by high resolution AFM height images of deproteinated maturation enamel crystals (Kirkham et al, 2001). AFM images revealed contiguous 30–50 nM diameter swellings along crystal surfaces presumably representing mineralized replacements of original matrix -mineral structures, Figure 1B.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…AFM was carried out as described previously (Kirkham et al, 2001; Robinson et al, 2004) using a Nanoscope III AFM (Digital Instruments) equipped with a 16E16-μm scanner and 25 μm silicon nitride cantilevers. Images were obtained in oscillating mode at 0.2 Hz below resonance with drive amplitudes in the range 300–950 mV.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AFM revealed contiguous regular 30–50 nM globular swellings along maturation stage enamel crystals, redolent of the globules shown by freeze etching but which had subsequently fused and crystallized (Kirkham et al, 2001; Robinson et al, 2004) ultimately giving rise to the regular repeating charge domains on maturing crystals reported by Kirkham et al (2000). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Crystal Initiation Structures in Developing Enamel: Possible Implications for Caries Dissolution of Enamel Crystals

Robinson

Connell

2017

Front. Physiol.

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Investigations of developing enamel crystals using Atomic and Chemical Force Microscopy (AFM, CFM) have revealed a subunit structure. Subunits were seen in height images as collinear swellings about 30 nM in diameter on crystal surfaces. In friction mode they were visible as positive regions. These were similar in size (30–50 nM) to collinear spherical structures, presumably mineral matrix complexes, seen in developing enamel using a freeze fracturing/freeze etching procedure. More detailed AFM studies on mature enamel suggested that the 30–50 nM structures were composed of smaller units, ~10–15 nM in diameter. These were clustered in hexagonal or perhaps a spiral arrangement. It was suggested that these could be the imprints of initiation sites for mineral precipitation. The investigation aimed at examining original freeze etched images at high resolution to see if the smaller subunits observed using AFM in mature enamel were also present in developing enamel i.e., before loss of the organic matrix. The method used was freeze etching. Briefly samples of developing rat enamel were rapidly frozen, fractured under vacuum, and ice sublimed from the fractured surface. The fractured surface was shadowed with platinum or gold and the metal replica subjected to high resolution TEM. For AFM studies high-resolution tapping mode imaging of human mature enamel sections was performed in air under ambient conditions at a point midway between the cusp and the cervical margin. Both AFM and freeze etch studies showed structures 30–50 nM in diameter. AFM indicated that these may be clusters of somewhat smaller structures ~10–15 nM maybe hexagonally or spirally arranged. High resolution freeze etching images of very early enamel showed ~30–50 nM spherical structures in a disordered arrangement. No smaller units at 10–15 nM were clearly seen. However, when linear arrangements of 30–50 nM units were visible the picture was more complex but also smaller units including ~10–15 nM units could be observed.Conclusions: Structures ~10–15 nM in diameter were detected in developing enamel. While the appearance was complex, these were most evident when the 30–5 nM structures were in linear arrays. Formation of linear arrays of subunits may be associated with the development of mineral initiation sites and attendant processing of matrix proteins.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Crystal Initiation Structures in Developing Enamel: Possible Implications for Caries Dissolution of Enamel Crystals

Robinson

Connell

2017

Front. Physiol.

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“…Increases in the roughness of apatite crystals surfaces in developing fluorosed enamel have been reported 6,14,19 . It was suggested that these roughened crystals could cause fluorosis because they would impair crystal growth due to changes in crystal surface chemistry and/or incomplete removal of matrix proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Enamel crystals of mice susceptible or resistant to dental fluorosis: an AFM study

et al. 2014

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ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the overall apatite crystals profile in the enamel matrix of mice susceptible (A/J strain) or resistant (129P3/J strain) to dental fluorosis through analyses by atomic force microscopy (AFM).Material and MethodsSamples from the enamel matrix in the early stages of secretion and maturation were obtained from the incisors of mice from both strains. All detectable traces of matrix protein were removed from the samples by a sequential extraction procedure. The purified crystals (n=13 per strain) were analyzed qualitatively in the AFM. Surface roughness profile (Ra) was measured.ResultsThe mean (±SD) Ra of the crystals of A/J strain (0.58±0.15 nm) was lower than the one found for the 129P3/J strain (0.66±0.21 nm) but the difference did not reach statistical significance (t=1.187, p=0.247). Crystals of the 129P3/J strain (70.42±6.79 nm) were found to be significantly narrower (t=4.013, p=0.0013) than the same parameter measured for the A/J strain (90.42±15.86 nm).ConclusionEnamel crystals of the 129P3/J strain are narrower, which is indicative of slower crystal growth and could interfere in the occurrence of dental fluorosis.

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“…These properties can be assessed by AFM (atomic force microscopy) imaging, which enables spatial observation of the topography of biological specimens. The correlation of topographic images with nanomechanical properties allows for the assessment of morphology and properties at the micro-and nano-meter level in three dimensions simultaneously without the need for enamel preparation [15][16][17]. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the structural topography of enamel crystals in healthy and affected enamel [18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping of Nanomechanical Properties of Enamel Surfaces Due to Orthodontic Treatment by AFM Method

et al. 2021

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Background: Atomic force microscopy imaging was used to study the structural topography of enamel crystals in healthy and affected enamel. The correlation of topographic images with nanomechanical properties allows for the assessment of morphology and properties at the micro- and nano-meter level in three dimensions simultaneously. Methods: A total of 60 premolars were treated like teeth during orthodontic bonding and debonding procedures. Every stage was observed in AFM. Surface roughness, image surface area difference, mean Young’s modulus, and mean adhesion force (the force of attraction between the scanning blade and the surface averaged over the image) were determined for the following areas: the central part of the surface, responsible for load transmission; the top of the surface, subject to the most abrasive wear; the lower part of the surface, responsible for the transport of fluids. Results: The highest roughness occurred on the etched surface—average 63 nm, followed by the intact enamel—8.3 nm, cleaned enamel—7.0 nm, and the resin-coated surface—5.4 nm. Conclusion: Etching increases enamel roughness and reduces hardness. Resin reduces roughness of the etched surface and increases hardness. The intact enamel has the highest hardness. The enamel smoothness is greater after polishing than in the intact enamel.

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Effect of Experimental Fluorosis on the Surface Topography of Developing Enamel Crystals

Cited by 21 publications

References 33 publications

Crystal Initiation Structures in Developing Enamel: Possible Implications for Caries Dissolution of Enamel Crystals

Crystal Initiation Structures in Developing Enamel: Possible Implications for Caries Dissolution of Enamel Crystals

Enamel crystals of mice susceptible or resistant to dental fluorosis: an AFM study

Mapping of Nanomechanical Properties of Enamel Surfaces Due to Orthodontic Treatment by AFM Method

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