Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia

Das, Gotam; Tirth, Vineet; Arora, Suraj; Algahtani, Ali; Kafeel, Mohammed; Alqarni, Ayed Hassan G; Saluja, Priyanka; Vij, Hitesh; Bavabeedu, Shashit Shetty; Tirth, Amit

doi:10.3390/ijerph17113914

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Fluoride in drinking water has been found to be effective in treating dental fluorosis in the Saudi Arabia ‫و‬ southwest region, different kinds of water including bottles, wells and treatment plants. The results showed that fluoride levels varied between 0.03 and 3.8 mg/l [14].…”

Section: Fluoride Health Impactsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Evaluation of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water of Some Cities within Anbar Province, Iraq

Jalal¹,

Alboresha²,

Ramal³

2022

IJDNE

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A fluoride atom (F) has a negatively-charged ion called a fluoride ion. The element fluoride can also be found in a compound called fluoride. Many countries with high rates of dental fluorosis naturally contain high levels of fluoride in their minerals and water supplies. The fluoride ion concentrations were determined by collecting drinking water samples twice a month from (July/2020 - to June/2021) from 4 main cities in Anbar Province in Iraq, during the rainy and dry seasons. The fluoride concentrations were then analyzed and compared with standard guides of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The objective of this study is to evaluate the fluoride concentrations in Ramadi, Fallujah, Khalidiyah, and Heet cities. The results showed small variations ranging from (0.041 mg/l) to (0.051 mg/l) when these results are compared with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) standard limitations. the recommended standard limitations of (EPA) and (WHO) for fluoride concentration range from (0.4 - to 1.5) mg/l, therefore the drinking water of these cities is comfortable to drink, but it may cause some problems, such as dental caries, dental fluorosis, colorless teeth yellowish, and blackish teeth. The results are also less than the typical concentration limitations, which, is (0.7 mg/l). To avoid the danger of poisoning, adding fluoride to water is not recommended unless it has been recommended by a professional in the food system or a dentist. However, humans can also get fluoride from sources other than water, and the quantity of fluoride they consume is different from one person to another.

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Section: Fluoride Health Impactsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Evaluation of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water of Some Cities within Anbar Province, Iraq

Jalal¹,

Alboresha²,

Ramal³

2022

IJDNE

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“…Girls (46%) have been found to have a higher incidence of dental fluorosis than boys (44.40%) (Table 5). While some research indicated a higher female preponderance, others revealed that males were more likely to suffer dental fluorosis (Biazevic et al, 2008;Narayanamurthy and Santhuram, 2013;Das et al, 2020).…”

Section: Gender-specific Prevalence Of Dental Fluorosis In School Chi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis Amongst School Children in West Bengal, India

Mandal

Sanyal

2023

SACI

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Dental fluorosis, a disease, results from excessive fluoride consumption mainly through drinking water during early childhood, which damages tooth-forming cells in children. This study examines the prevalence of dental fluorosis amongst school children in the Puruliya district, located in West Bengal, India. This is because the Puruliya district is one of the worst-affected fluoride areas in India. When compared to the World Health Organization’s 1.5 mg/l permitted limit for fluoride in drinking water, the highest fluoride levels were found to be 8.28 mg/l in the Kashipur block of the district. Therefore, to perform a study to ascertain the prevalence of dental fluorosis among school-going children between the ages of 6 and 14 based on the Dean’s Index, the Kashipur block of the Puruliya District was selected. The fluoride levels of drinking water sources are tested in the public health and Engineering department in the Puruliya district. The average level of fluoride discovered in drinking water ranges from 0.42 mg/l to 5.23 mg/l. The data were analysed with SPSS-20 statistical software, and mapping was done with Arc-GIS 10.5. Linear regression is applied to test the correlation. The findings demonstrate a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.92) between fluoride concentration and the frequency of childhood dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis was observed to afflict 45.20% of the children in the research area, and it was more common in female children (46%) than in male children (44.40%). There were 226 students with dental fluorosis between the ages of 6 and 15, of whom 16.4% were in Grade I, 13.2% in Grade II, 10.0% in Grade III, and 5.6% in Grade IV.

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“…In China, approximately 20 million people have chalky bands or plaques on their teeth which may present other defects or discolouration of the tooth enamel [ 1 ]. These changes appear to be symptoms of dental fluorosis, which is usually caused by excessive fluoride intake via drinking water [ 2 ]. However, the fluoride levels in water are very low in these areas [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of multiple pathways and levels of fluoride intake in fluorosis areas of Southwest China

Yang

Tu²,

Jiang³

et al. 2023

Heliyon

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Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia

Cited by 17 publications

References 22 publications

Evaluation of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water of Some Cities within Anbar Province, Iraq

Evaluation of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water of Some Cities within Anbar Province, Iraq

Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis Amongst School Children in West Bengal, India

Analysis of multiple pathways and levels of fluoride intake in fluorosis areas of Southwest China

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