Effect of heat stress on the porcine small intestine: A morphological and gene expression study

Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition clinically diagnosed as a severe elevation in body temperature with central nervous system dysfunction that often includes combativeness, delirium, seizures, and coma. Classic heat stroke primarily occurs in immunocompromised individuals during annual heat waves. Exertional heat stroke is observed in young fit individuals performing strenuous physical activity in hot or temperature environments. Long-term consequences of heat stroke are thought to be due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the identification of risk factors that predispose to heat stroke, the role of endotoxin and cytokines in mediation of multi-organ damage, the incidence of hypothermia and fever during heat stroke recovery, clinical biomarkers of organ damage severity, and protective cooling strategies. Risk factors include environmental factors, medications, drug use, compromised health status, and genetic conditions. The role of endotoxin and cytokines is discussed in the framework of research conducted over 30 years ago that requires reassessment to more clearly identify the role of these factors in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. We challenge the notion that hypothalamic damage is responsible for thermoregulatory disturbances during heat stroke recovery and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the regulated nature of these responses. The need for more sensitive clinical biomarkers of organ damage is examined. Conventional and emerging cooling methods are discussed with reference to protection against peripheral organ damage and selective brain cooling.

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“…Regional differences in GI susceptibility are observed in a variety of species during acute heat stroke recovery (52,271,416).…”

Section: Gut Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Stroke

Leon

Bouchama

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

360

356

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“…The absorptive functions of the intestine are related to its morphology and any alterations in morphology may predispose the intestine to function disorder [17][18][19]. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary vanadium on intestinal morphology in broilers by the methods of light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and provided the systematic data about the influences of dietary vanadium on the morphology of small intestines in broilers, and helpful information for the same or similar studies in both human and other animals in the future.…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary vanadium on small intestinal morphology in broilers

Wang¹,

Cui²,

Peng³

et al. 2012

Health

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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary vanadium on small intestinal morphology of broilers by the methods of light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A total of 420 one-day-old avian broilers were divided into six groups (seven replicates in each group and ten broilers in each replicate) and fed on a control diet or the same diet supplemented with 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg/kg vanadium in the form of ammonium metavanadate for 42 days. In comparison with those in the control group, the intestinal villus heights were decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) in the 30, 45 and 60 mg/kg groups, and crypt depths and villus height/crypt depth ratio were decreased in the 45 and 60 mg/kg groups. Ultrastructurally, the microvilli were apparently sparse and short, and the numbers of lysosomes were increased in abovementioned three intestines in the 45 and 60 mg/kg groups at 42 days of age. In conclusion, dietary vanadium in excess of 30 mg/kg could alter the villus height, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth ratio and ultrastructure, which might impact the development of small intestines in broilers.

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“…It is possible that endocrine secretion in stressful conditions may have an effect on the jejunal surface (Moeser et al, 2007). In the work by Yu et al (2010), increased cortisol concentrations were associated with decreased villus height and crypt depth during and after heat stress. In pigs, the weaning time induces shortening of the villus and deepening of the crypts, connected both to decreased feed intake and elevated stress (van Beers-Schreuers et al, 1998).…”

Section: Control Pigs and The Tail-biting Pen Environmentmentioning

confidence: 93%

Jejunal morphology and blood metabolites in tail biting, victim and control pigs

Palander

Heinonen

Simpura

et al. 2013

Animal

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Tail biting has several identified feeding-related risk factors. Tail biters are often said to be lighter and thinner than other pigs in the pen, possibly because of nutrition-related problems such as reduced feed intake or inability to use nutrients efficiently. This can lead to an increase in foraging behavior and tail biting. In this study, a total of 55 pigs of different ages were selected according to their tailbiting behavior (bouts/hour) and pen-feeding system to form eight experimental groups: tail-biting pigs (TB), victim pigs (V) and control pigs from a tail-biting pen (Ctb) and control pen (Cno) having either free access to feed with limited feeding space or meal feeding from a long trough. After euthanasia, a segment of jejunal cell wall was cut from 50 cm (S50) and 100 cm (S100) posterior to the bile duct. Villus height, crypt depth and villus : crypt ratio (V : C) were measured morphometrically. Blood serum concentration of minerals and plasma concentration of amino acids (AA) was determined. Villus height was greater in Cno than Ctb pigs in the proximal and mid-jejunum (P , 0.05), indicative of better ability to absorb nutrients, and increased with age in the proximal jejunum (P , 0.001). Serum mineral concentration of inorganic phosphate (P i ) and calcium (Ca) was lower in Ctb compared with Cno pigs, and that of P i in V compared with all the other pigs. Many non-essential AA were lower in pigs from tail-biting pens, and particularly in victim pigs. Free access feeding with shared feeding space was associated with lower levels of essential AA in blood than meal feeding with simultaneous feeding space. Our data suggest that being a pig in a tail-biting pen is associated with decreased jejunal villus height and blood AA levels, possibly because of depressed absorption capacity, feeding behavior or environmental stress associated with tail biting. Victim pigs had lower concentrations of AA and P i in plasma, possibly as a consequence of being bitten.

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Effect of heat stress on the porcine small intestine: A morphological and gene expression study

Cited by 160 publications

References 27 publications

Heat Stroke

Heat Stroke

Effect of dietary vanadium on small intestinal morphology in broilers

Jejunal morphology and blood metabolites in tail biting, victim and control pigs

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